生物反应器填埋的沉降加速效应

通过实验室填埋柱模拟实验，研究了生物反应器填埋操作方式对填埋层沉降的影响。结果表明：与传统卫生填埋方式相比，回灌经厌氧生物处理后渗滤液的生物反应器填埋方式能够加速填埋层的沉降，140 d内沉降提高比例达10%以上。我国填埋垃圾高含水率、高易腐有机物含量的特性，使得其填埋层的次沉降系数高于文献值。填埋垃圾有机物降解量及其引起的垃圾水分排出量与填埋层沉降有显著相关性，表明有机物降解是引起填埋层沉降的重要因素，也是造成生物反应器填埋与传统卫生填埋方式初期沉降差异的主要原因。     

基于手机APP的便携式智能无线FDR传感器系统的设计

设计了一种基于频域反射法(FDR)且具有充电功能的无线便携式传感器,能够实现自动采集、无线传输、便携充电等功能。该采集单元以单片机为核心,采用MC9S082AW60进行数据采集,通过无线传输技术进行实时传输,实现了FDR传感器的高精度、实时性强、携带方便等优点。该传感器使用简单,携带方便,适合操作人员在现场随时进行采集。     

Cytotoxicity and DNA damage of five organophosphorus pesticides mediated by oxidative stress in PC12 cells and protection by vitamin E

Previous studies have demonstrated that pesticides could induce cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in vivo and in vitro, and that oxidative stress may be an important factor involved. However, investigations comparing the capability of different organophosphorous (OP) compounds to induce cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress are limited. Hence, the aim of this paper was to access the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of five OPs or metabolites, Acephate (ACE), Methamidophos (MET), Chloramidophos (CHL), Malathion (MAT) and Malaoxon (MAO), and to clarify the role of oxidative stress, using PC12 cells. The results demonstrated that MET, MAT and MAO caused significant inhibition of cell viability and increased DNA damage in PC12 cells at 40 mg L^?1. MAO was more toxic than the other OPs. ACE, MET, MAT and MAO increased the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and decreased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) at 20 mg L^?1 and 40 mg L^?1 to different degrees. Pre-treatment with vitamin E(600 μM)caused a significant attenuation in the cytotoxic and genotoxic effect; pre-treatment reversed subsequent OP-induced elevation of peroxidation products and the decline of anti-oxidant enzyme activities. These results indicate that oxidative damage is likely to be an initiating event that contributes to the OP-induced cytotoxicity.     

The evolution of the Canadian mining industry: The role of regulatory punctuation

In this study, we analyze the evolution of Canada's mining industry from 1929 to 2006, focussing on the determinants of the number of firms in the industry and why this number changed over that period. Most empirical studies of industry evolution have focused on manufacturing industries that share similar structural characteristics. Perhaps because of this, extant models of industry evolution tend to ignore industry-specific and national-specific factors that can cause atypical trajectories, that is, heterogeneous industry evolution. Initial inspection of the Canadian mining industry shows that it is atypical in that it exhibits “negative skew” over time in the number of firms rather than the typical “positive skew.” We review two dominant theoretical approaches to industry evolution: the density-dependence theory and variants of industrial organization economics. We also consider possible sources of industry evolution heterogeneity, focussing particularly on “regulatory punctuation”. Using Canadian mining data, we find that the traditional models do not fully explain the changes in population size in Canada's mining industry. As a result, we introduce a number of hybrid models. The results from these hybrid models suggest that Canadian-specific regulatory punctuations, particularly the introduction of significant new taxes, environmental legislation, and incentives have shaped the trajectory of mining firm participation.     

强制性内循环快速启动IC厌氧反应器过程的研究

如何在短时间内快速启动厌氧反应器是厌氧处理工程中的关键。本文对IC厌氧反应器分别进行强制性内循环启动和常规启动实验。结果表明 ,强制性内循环启动的反应器充分利用了内循环缓冲 pH和抗冲击负荷的能力 ,创造良好的微生物生长环境 ,最终只用了 5 4天就完成整个启动 ,比常规方式启动缩短近一个月 ,是一种值得借鉴的启动方式     

大中城市震害预测与辅助决策的空间分析

利用GIS的空间分析功能，对大中城市防震减灾示范研究成果进行了空间区划分析，给出了城市高危害街区的计算方法和结果，同时给出了各种结构类型房屋破坏面积、人员伤亡和无家可归人口数在各个街区的空间分布结果，以及基于此空间分布结果的医疗救护、人员疏散和物资供应等辅助决策分析。该分析的主要意义在于能充分了解大中城市潜在震害的空间分布，为震前采取相应预防措施和震后开展应急救灾工作提供了方便。     

流域水资源可持续开发利用中激励机制的应用

本文分析了流域水资源开发利用中存在的问题及原因，并根据可持续发展的理论，提出了流域水资源可持续开发利用的原则及相应的激励机制：①水价机制；②宏观调控机制；③水权机制；④相应的流域管理机制。     

Evaluating factors influencing groundwater vulnerability to nitrate pollution: developing the potential of GIS

The 1991 EU Nitrate Directive was designed to reduce water pollution from agriculturally derived nitrates. England and Wales implemented this Directive by controlling agricultural activities within their most vulnerable areas termed Nitrate Vulnerable Zones. These were designated by identifying drinking water catchments (surface and groundwater), at risk from nitrate pollution. However, this method contravened the Nitrate Directive because it only protected drinking water and not all waters. In this paper, a GIS was used to identify all areas of groundwater vulnerable to nitrate pollution. This was achieved by constructing a model containing data on four characteristics: the quality of the water leaving the root zone of a piece of land; soil information; presence of low permeability superficial (drift) material; and aquifer properties. These were combined in a GIS and the various combinations converted into a measure of vulnerability using expert knowledge. Several model variants were produced using different estimates of the quality of the water leaving the root zone and contrasting methods of weighting the input data. When the final models were assessed all produced similar spatial patterns and, when verified by comparison with trend data derived from monitored nitrate concentrations, all the models were statistically significant predictors of groundwater nitrate concentrations. The best predictive model contained a model of nitrate leaching but no land use information, implying that changes in land use will not affect designations based upon this model. The relationship between nitrate levels and borehole intake depths was investigated since there was concern that the observed contrasts in nitrate levels between vulnerability categories might be reflecting differences in borehole intake depths and not actual vulnerability. However, this was not found to be statistically important. Our preferred model provides the basis for developing a new set of groundwater Nitrate Vulnerable Zones that should help England and Wales to comply with the EU Nitrate Directive.     

基于DEM的山区旱灾风险评价模型——以西南地区为例

旱灾研究中,地形导致的水热再分配容易造成地域间旱灾灾情的明显差异,因此地形因子对于旱灾风险的准确评价及灾情的客观评估至关重要。采用气象站点观测数据和DEM数据,通过模拟复杂地形影响下的下垫面真实水分情况,加入地形因子的影响,建立了以干旱致灾因子(水分条件)、孕灾环境(地形)、承灾体(农作物脆弱性曲线)综合的旱灾风险评价三度模型;并以地形复杂、旱灾多发的西南地区为例,编制了旱灾风险等级图,以期为客观评估旱灾灾情,有效开展区域旱灾风险防范提供科学依据。     

武汉市实施清洁生产的方案构想

分析了武汉市工业特点。认为武汉市仍处于工业化加速发展时期，偏重型的工业结构和落后的总体技术水平造成武汉市工业污染严重，布局不合理则加剧了这一状况。为此，结合矿产资源缺管而水资源丰富的资源特点，提出了武汉市实施可持续发展、推行清洁生产的初步方案。（１）调整工业结构的大力发展轻工业，由偏重型结构向轻重工业协调发展转变；（２）对现有产品生产进行深加工，提高含量及其附加值；（３）积极发展高新技术，以此作为