Satellite Monitoring of Urban Sprawl and Assessment of its Potential Environmental Impact in the Greater Toronto Area Between 1985 and 2005

This research investigates urban sprawl in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) between 1985 and 2005 and the nature of the resulting landscape fragmentation, particularly with regard to the Oak Ridges Moraine (ORM), an ecologically important area for the region. Six scenes of Landsat TM imagery were acquired in summer of 1985, 1995, and 2005. These images and their texture measures were classified into eight land cover classes with very satisfactory final overall accuracies (93–95?%). Analysis of the classifications indicated that urban areas grew by 20?% between 1985 and 1995 and by 15?% between 1995 and 2005. Landscape fragmentation due to spatio-temporal land cover changes was evaluated using urban compactness indicators and landscape metrics, and results from the latter were used to draw conclusions about probable environmental impact. The indicator results showed that urban proportions increased in nearly all areas outside of the metropolitan center, including on portions of the ORM. The landscape metrics reveal that low density urban areas increased significantly in the GTA between 1985 and 2005, mainly at the expense of agricultural land. The metric results indicate increased vulnerability and exposure to adverse effects for natural and semi-natural land cover through greater contrast and lowered connectivity. The degree of urban perimeter increased around most environmentally significant areas in the region. Changes like these negatively impact species and the regional water supply in the GTA. Further investigation into specific environmental impacts of urban expansion in the region and which areas on the ORM are most at risk is recommended.     

中国燃煤电厂汞的物质流向与汞排放研究

为研究中国燃煤电厂中汞的去向,基于2010年中国各省份燃煤中的汞含量、燃煤消耗量、燃煤电厂大气污染控制设备的安装比例以及粉煤灰、脱硫石膏的二次利用方式,计算了我国燃煤电厂2010年向大气、水体、土壤中排放汞的量.2010年我国电厂燃煤共输入汞271.7t (147.1~403.6t).煤炭在电厂燃烧一次排放到大气中的汞为101.3t (44.0~167.1t),进入燃煤副产物、水体的汞分别为167.4t (84.3~266.3t),3.0t (1.2~5.0t).燃煤副产物二次利用过程向大气排放的汞为32.7t (12.5~56.1t),进入土壤中的汞为58.6t (33.6~103.9t),还有76.1t (30.3~108.6t)汞留在了产品中.结果表明,粉煤灰用于水泥生产和粉煤灰制砖是副产物向大气中二次排放的重要源,分别占总二次排放量的81.7%和15.3%.     

水源水库铁还原反硝化菌群的筛选及其脱氮特性研究

为削减水源水库中氮素的浓度,对西安市李家河水库沉积物进行富集驯化,筛选出以Dechloromonas、Acidovorax、Vogesella、Azoarcus等为优势菌属的铁还原反硝化菌群FL6,探究了该菌群的铁还原及反硝化特性.结果表明,在初始pH 7.00±0.2,温度30℃,以硝酸钠为唯一氮源的培养条件下,菌群FL6具有明显的铁还原功能,且表现出高效的反硝化能力.在96 h时菌群FL6对总氮和硝酸盐氮的去除率分别为69.56%、95.23%,且在反应过程中无中间产物的积累,同时nirS型反硝化基因被扩增检测到.响应曲面法（RSM）实验结果表明C/N比5.95,温度24.33℃,初始pH 5.88是菌群FL6去除总氮的最优条件,同时菌群FL6可以耐受低温条件.菌群FL6可以为贫营养水源水库利用无机电子供体强化生物脱氮提供菌源保障.     

Environmental Impact Evaluation Model for Industrial Processes

This paper proposes a model to evaluate the environmental impact of manufacturing processes. This model uses the potency factor approach to classify environmental impacts into five ecological health impact groups and uses their toxicological, cancer, and physical effects as the bases to rate the seven groups of human health impacts. The environmental impacts in each impact group are reported, and their hazard scores on ecological and human health are determined. The model also generates a single score for the overall environmental impacts of a process. This single score system helps to identify, among all the viable processes, which is the most environmentally friendly process. This model can serve as a tool to highlight the potential environmental hazards of process operations and to provide information about environmental performance for decision making. The model has been developed into a computer software program, Environmental Impact Evaluation System, and is demonstrated by using the processes employed for the manufacture of paper bags.     

成都市特殊保护区域生态环境保护现状及对策

成都地区具有丰富的自然生态和文化旅游资源，这些资源大多以自然保护区和风景名胜区等特殊保护区的形式存在。随着经济社会、特别是旅游业的迅猛发展，进入景区的游客大量增加，原有的管理模式已不能适应形势的发展，导致了日益突出的生态环境问题。成都市市委、市政府正在组织开展创建国家环保模范城市的行动，并已规划“全球环保500佳”的创建和生态城市的建设，因此加强对自然生态的保护与建设尤为重要。市环保局为了贯彻市委、市政府有关决策精神，为“创摸”提供决策依据，对市内特殊保护区域的生态环境保护现状进行了摸底调查。本文根据调查成果对特殊保护区域生态环境保护的现状和成绩、存在的问题和成因进行了分析，并提出了对策建议。     

中水回用于火电厂的可行性分析

从火电厂循环冷却水和锅炉给水要求出发,结合中水水质情况,对中水回用于火电厂进行理论分析,通过工程实例论述了中水回用于火电厂的可行性.对应用过程中易出现的问题进行了探讨,提出解决的方法.     

四种金属离子对CHBr_3和小牛胸腺DNA间结合作用的影响

采用紫外光谱和荧光光谱法研究了CHBr3与离体小牛胸腺DNA(ctDNA)间的相互作用,以及Cu2+、Co2+、Cd2+、Mg2+4种金属离子单独或共存时对CHBr3与ctDNA结合的影响.结果表明:4种金属离子与CHBr3、ctDNA均能发生基态络合反应,络合物的生成导致体系的紫外吸收峰强度和形状改变,使ctDNA-溴化乙锭体系的荧光发生了不同程度的猝灭;向CHBr3-ctDNA-溴化乙锭体系中分别或同时加入4种金属离子后,Cu2+、Co2+、Cd2+可减弱两者之间的结合,减弱顺序为Cu2+Co2+Cd2+,Mg2+可加强两者之间的结合,4种金属离子同时加入后出现不同于4种金属离子单独加入时的中间类型.据此推断,CHBr3可能主要是通过嵌插作用与ctDNA碱基结合,金属离子对CHBr3与ctDNA结合的影响主要取决于金属离子与DNA的碱基和磷酸基团间结合的相对亲和比.     

有机硒多糖对铬致小鼠细胞DNA损伤与氧化损伤的保护作用

采用单细胞凝胶电泳技术研究了富硒金针菇中提取的硒多糖对铬致小鼠骨髓细胞DNA损伤的保护作用,进而通过考察小鼠内源性脂质过氧化的抑制作用进一步探究硒多糖的生物活性.结果表明:硒多糖在硒含量为0.0244～0.0650μg.mL-1范围内,随浓度和在小鼠体内作用时间的增加,骨髓细胞尾长和尾矩与对照组相比都有显著下降;对小鼠内源性脂质过氧化的抑制作用随浓度的升高而增强,与对照组相比有显著差异.硒多糖作为有机硒对铬致细胞DNA损伤和脂质过氧化均有保护作用,可为新型有机硒补剂的开发和有机硒在食品、药品以及预防科学领域的应用提供科学的理论依据.     

Reaction mode between Si and Fe and evaluation of optimal species in poly-silicic-ferric coagulant

A kind of Fe-polysilicate polymer, poly-silicic-ferric （PSF） coagulant was prepared by co-polymerization （hydroxylation of mixture of Fe^3＋ and fresh polysilicic acid （PS））, in which PSF0.5, PSF1 or PSF3 denotes Si/Fe molar ratio of 0.5, 1 or 3, respectively. The effects of Si/Fe ratio and reaction time （co-polymerization time or aging time） on the reaction mode between Si and Fe were studies, and the optimal species of PSF was evaluated by pH change during the preparation of PSF and coagulation tests. The results showed that the characteristics of PSF are largely affected by both reaction time and Si/Fe ratio. PSF is found to be a essential complex of Si, Fe, and many other ions. The reaction mode between Si and Fe differs with various Si/Fe ratios. The pH of PSF0.5, PSF1 or PSF3 tended to be stable when reaction time is 10, 25 or 55 rain, respectively, which is almost consistent with the time reaching the relative stable morphology that is just the optimal species of higher coagulation efficiency. The optimal reaction time reaching optimal species can be evaluated by measuring the pH change during the polymerization process.     

纤维素基缓蚀剂的缓释机理与应用进展

简要介绍了纤维素及其衍生物的分类及其特性,综述归纳了纤维素的缓蚀机理,系统概述了植物纤维素及其衍生物,纳米纤维素在缓蚀系统中的多种缓蚀作用,同时以植物纤维素和纳米纤维素的结构特性为依据,讨论了细菌纤维素在金属缓蚀系统中的应用前景。最后提出羧甲基纤维素与羟乙基纤维素及它们各自的衍生物应用范围广,但受温度影响较大。纤维素纳米晶体在金属防护方面有很好的应用前景,也是未来研究的重点。细菌纤维素有望成为一种高效、绿色的新型缓蚀剂,但目前还未引起研究人员足够的重视,对其制备方法和缓释机理还需要进行深入研究。