中国电子废物处理处置典型地区污染调查及环境、生态和健康风险研究进展

电子废物含有大量的金属、塑料和阻燃剂等物质,如果处理不当,电子废物将向环境排放种类繁多的有毒有害物质,从而产生严重的环境污染问题。近年来,国内外学者对电子废物处理所致的生态环境问题给予了相当的关注,已经开展了不少相关研究,这些研究主要集中在我国的几个电子废物处理处置典型地区。本文对近5年来的相关研究成果进行了系统综述,内容涉及电子废物处理处置过程中产生的主要环境污染物,电子废物处理处置活动所致的土壤、水体和大气的重金属和持久性有机污染物污染以及电子废物处理处置活动对动植物和人体的污染风险等,并提出将来关于电子废物研究中需要关注的问题。     

四种拟除虫菊酯类农药的环境雌激素活性研究

将金鱼(Carassius auratus)分别暴露于0.1mg/L甲氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯和0.5mg/L氯氰菊酯21d后,尾静脉取血,离心分离获得血浆,利用Western-blot方法检测金鱼血浆中是否有卵黄原蛋白产生,同时测定金鱼生殖腺指数、γ-谷氨酰转移酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性.结果表明,对照组雄性金鱼血浆中未检测到卵黄原蛋白,4种拟除虫菊酯农药均能诱导雄性金鱼分泌卵黄原蛋白,而且溴氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯明显降低了雄鱼生殖腺指数,4种农药均能够明显抑制精巢γ-谷氨酰转移酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性.由此可见,4种拟除虫菊酯类农药具有潜在的环境雌激素活性和生殖毒性.     

面向碳排放权分配的衡量指标的公正性评价

公正性和碳排放衡量指标是全球气候谈判的焦点之一.文章阐述了气候谈判中涉及的公平公正原则和国际上主要的碳排放衡量指标(国家排放总量、国家累积排放总量、人均排放指标、人均累积碳排放量、碳排放强度等),结合定量分析,从公正原则的角度剖析了碳排放衡量指标,并基于相关公正原则提出新的衡量指标.结果表明:(1)公正性不存在唯一的标准,目前已发展出责任原则、支付能力原则、平等主义原则等重要公正原则.但其中如责任原则等公正原则存在较大的争议.(2)没有一个现有的指标能反映所有的公正原则,在偏重某一公正原则的同时忽略了其他公正原则.(3)基于平等主义原则和责任原则,提出工业化弹性人均累积排放量等新指标.     

Site-specific bioaccumulation of polychlorinated dibenzo-<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) in mothers and their infants living in vicinity of Bien Hoa airbase,Southern Vietnam

Bien Hoa airbase is located in Dong Nai Province (Southern Vietnam). Several sites within the airbase are highly contaminated by Agent Orange/Dioxin, and thus, they are also commonly named as an Agent Orange/Dioxin hotpot. In the present study, 36 maternal milk samples were collected from primiparas who have lived at least 5 years in four wards, Buu Long, Quang Vinh, Trung Dung and Tan Phong, which are closed to Bien Hoa airbase in order to investigate the level and distribution of Agent Orange/Dioxin exposure in different local communities. The mean concentrations of PCDD/PCDFs in four investigated wards range from 6.4 to 13.6 pgTEQ/g lipid. The highest mean TEQ of PCDD/PCDFs was observed in Buu Long ward (13.6 pgTEQ/g lipid), followed by Tan Phong ward (12.3 pgTEQ/g lipid), and the lowest value was observed in Trung Dung ward (6.4 pgTEQ/g lipid). The mean concentration of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in Buu Long (7.6 pg/g lipid) was approximately 2–6 times higher than those in Tan Phong (3.9 pg/g lipid), Quang Vinh (2.3 pg/g lipid), or Trung Dung (1.2 pg/g lipid). These results imply site-specific exposure to PCDD/PCDFs in different local communities living around Bien Hoa airbase. The mean values of daily intake of dioxin estimated for the breast fed infants living in Buu Long, Quang Vinh, Trung Dung and Tan Phong were about 80, 37.5, 31.7 and 58 pg TEQ/kg bw/day, respectively.     

水生和陆生生物体中卤系阻燃剂的差异性富集研究:以鲶鱼和家鸽为例

分析了水生(鲶鱼)和陆生(家鸽)生物体中卤系阻燃剂(HFRs)的组成和浓度。鲶鱼中短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)浓度均值为30 800 ng·g~(-1)lw(脂肪归一化浓度),是最主要的HFRs,然后依次是多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)(2 300 ng·g~(-1)lw)、四溴双酚A(TBBPA)(37 ng·g~(-1)lw)、六溴环十二烷(HBCD)(21 ng·g~(-1)lw)、德克隆(DP)(14 ng·g~(-1)lw)、十溴二苯乙烷(DBDPE)(7.1 ng·g~(-1)lw)和六溴苯(HBB)(6.2 ng·g~(-1)lw);而家鸽中PBDEs含量最高(17 000 ng·g~(-1)lw),其次是SCCPs(7 600 ng·g~(-1)lw)DP(1 600 ng·g~(-1)lw)DBDPE(14 ng·g~(-1)lw)HBB、TBBPA和HBCDs(未检出)。鲶鱼和家鸽HFRs组成比较发现,鲶鱼中具有较高百分含量的低溴代PBDE单体和较低的fanti值,而家鸽中具有较高百分含量的高溴代PBDE单体和较高的fanti值。实验结果初步表明,水生生物较多地富集水溶性较大的化合物,陆生生物则较多地富集疏水性较强的化合物。研究认为以上水生和陆生生物体中污染物的差异性富集现象可能与化合物因不同物理化学性质导致的不同环境迁移行为有关。     

生物表面活性剂及其在环境修复中的研究进展

生物表面活性剂是由微生物分泌的天然产物,由于其物理性质和化学结构与许多人工合成的表面活性剂相似,并且对土壤、淡水、海洋等生态系统毒性较低,因而在环境污染治理方面,特别是在重金属和石油等有机溶剂污染的原位和异位生物修复方面具有极大的应用潜力.主要综述了近年国内外生物表面活性剂在廉价制备、作用机理、环境修复中的研究进展.     

区域可持续发展评价工作的经常化问题

讨论了区域可持发展评价的经常化问题，提出了一张通用的指导性评价指标清单及其使用方法。经过实例模拟验算，认为基本可行，建议让区域可持续发展评价工作成为政府的定期行为 。     

类脂复合吸附剂去除水中微量七氯和环氧七氯的研究

研制了一种新型类脂-活性炭复合吸附剂,研究了其对水中痕量持久性有机污染物--七氯和环氧七氯的吸附行为.实验结果表明,该新型复合吸附剂对七氯和环氧七氯有较强的吸附性能,反应48 h后,对初始浓度为20μg·L-1的七氯和环氧七氯的去除率分别为98.79%和98.08%;吸附等温线符合弗兰德里希模型;吸附动力学符合准二阶动力学模型.该复合吸附剂对亲脂性较强的七氯具有较快的初始吸附速率、较大的平衡吸附量和较高的去除率.相同实验条件下,类脂-活性炭复合吸附剂对七氯和环氧七氯的吸附速率和去除效果均优于传统吸附材料活性炭.     

中条山东段植被垂直带的数量分类研究

在野外调查的基础上,应用有序样方聚类法对中条山东段植 垂直带进行了数量分类研究,结果为：１．落叶阔叶林带,包括４个亚带：（１）侧柏林带（５００￣８００ｍ）,（２０松栎林带（８００￣１８００ｍ）,（３）栓皮林带（１４００￣２０００ｍ）和（４）杨桦林带（１９００￣２２００ｍ）;２．山地草甸带（２１００￣２３５８ｍ）。此外,与前人的划分结果进行了比较,结果表明,有序样方聚类法的结果更符合实际情况。     

Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in wild aquatic species from an electronic waste (e-waste) recycling site in South China

Water and several wild aquatic species including Chinese mysterysnail, prawn, fish, and water snake were collected from a reservoir surrounded by several e-waste recycling workshops in South China. The samples were examined to investigate the levels and bioaccumulation extent of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) released from electronic waste (e-waste) which was processed by crude recycling method. Elevated levels of PBDEs [52.7 to 1702 ng/g wet weight (ww)] and PCBs (20.2-25958 ng/g ww) were found in the collected biota species compared to that in the reference samples (13.0-20.5 ng/g ww for PBDEs and 75.4-82.8 ng/g ww for PCBs). log BAF (bioaccumulation factor) ranged from 2.9 to 5.3 for PBDEs and from 1.2 to 8.4 for PCBs, depending on congeners and species. The relationship between log BAFs and log K(OW) (octanol-water partition coefficient) can be adequately described by species-specific parabolic models wherein log BAFs generally increased at log K(OW)<7 then decreased with further increasing log K(OW) both for PBDEs and PCBs. The exceptions were for Chinese mysterysnail and prawn, in which the log BAFs showed a positive linear correlation with log K(OW) for PBDEs. Some PBDE and PCB congeners showed BAF values declining from the general trend predicted by K(OW), largely attributing to metabolism of these congeners in species sampled.