金昌市PM2.5及PM10短期暴露对成人血压水平的影响

为探索西北地区颗粒物(PM)短期暴露对人群血压(BP)水平的影响,基于金昌队列研究平台,收集甘肃省金昌市2011~2017年颗粒物污染数据及队列人群血压测量数据,在调整相关混杂因素基础上,采用线性混合效应模型分析PM_2.5和PM₁₀短期暴露对收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、平均动脉压(MAP)、脉压(PP)和Mid-BP (SBP和DBP的均值)的影响.结果显示,随着PM_2.5浓度的增加,人群SBP,MAP,PP和Mid-BP均呈上升趋势,该效应值分别在累积滞后05,03,07和05d最大.随着PM₁₀浓度的增加,5种BP指标也均呈上升趋势,效应最大值均出现在累积滞后07d.PM_2.5和PM₁₀对BP产生的影响分别在吸烟和男性人群中更为显著.此外,沙尘天气和气态污染物(SO₂和NO₂)对PM-BP效应存在一定的修饰作用.因此,在该队列人群中,PM_2.5和PM₁₀短期暴露对人群血压具有一定影响,吸烟者和男性人群可能是颗粒物影响血压效应的易感人群.     

Evidence of temperature-controlled dissolved inorganic nitrogen distribution in a shallow lake

Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) plays an important role in aquatic ecosystems as an available source of nitrogen (N). Despite recent advances in our understanding of the effects of climate change on DIN in coastal waters, shallow high-latitude lakes exposed to large seasonal temperature differences have received limited research attention. Therefore, in the present study, Baiyangdian Lake (BYDL) was selected as the study area, as a typical high latitude shallow lake in North China. Based on water and sediment samples collected in spring, summer and winter seasons, DIN accumulation in sedimentary pore water and DIN diffusion fluxes at the sediment-water interface were quantified under different temperature conditions. Correlation analysis was used to establish the effects of temperature on DIN concentration and diffusion in different media. Results show that the diffusion of DIN at the lake sediment-water interface exhibited a strongly positive relationship with temperature, suggesting that high temperature conditions lead to greater DIN release from sediments. Cold temperatures cause DIN accumulation in sedimentary pore water, providing sufficient substrate for N-related bacteria in the sediment under cold temperature conditions. Temperature controls the vertical distribution of DIN by affecting its migratory diffusion and transformation at the sediment-water interface. These findings are valuable for understanding the impact of climate change on the distribution of N in inland shallow lakes, especially in high latitude shallow lakes subjected to large seasonal temperature differences throughout the year.     

Transformation mechanism and fate of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in a full-scale drinking water treatment

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) has attracted much attention in drinking water treatment due to its potential to produce nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs). This work was designed to explore the transformation and fate of DON and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in drinking water treatment. The changes of DON and formation of N-DBPs were evaluated along the water treatment route (i.e., pre-ozonation and biological-contact oxidation, delivery pipes’ transportation, coagulation-sedimentation, sand filtration, post-ozonation, biological activated carbon, ultrafiltration and disinfection) of drinking water treatment plant (DWTP). The transformation mechanism of DON was comprehensively investigated by molecular weight fractionation, three-dimensional fluorescence, LC-OCD (Liquid Chromatography-Organic Carbon Detection), total free amino acids. A detailed comparison was made between concentrations and variations of DON and DIN affected by seasons in the drinking water treatment. Regardless of seasonal variation in raw water concentration, the DON removal trends between different treatment processes remain constant in the present study. Compared to other treatment processes, pre-ozonation and coagulation-sedimentation exhibited the dominant DON removal in different seasons, i.e., 11.13%-14.45% and 14.98%-22.49%, respectively. Contrary, biological-contact oxidation and biological activated carbon negatively impacted the DON removal, in which DON increased by 1.76%-6.49% in biological activated carbon. This may be due to the release of soluble microbial products (SMPs) from bacterial metabolism, which was further validated by the rise of biopolymers in LC-OCD.     

不同改良剂对黔西北锌冶炼区农用地土壤重金属修复效果研究

为研究不同改良剂对土壤重金属（Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn）的修复效果,以黔西北锌冶炼区农用地土壤为研究对象,分别将不同比例（1%、2%、5%）的海泡石（H）、石灰（S）和蚯蚓粪（Q）施加于锌冶炼区重金属（Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn）复合污染农用地土壤,稳定陈化75 d后,分析土壤理化性质（pH、EC、含水率）、有机质、有效态养分（N、P、K）、重金属有效态含量变化特征。结果表明,与对照相比,除低添加量的海泡石处理（H1%）略微降低土壤pH外,海泡石和石灰处理均提高了土壤pH,而添加蚯蚓粪处理则降低土壤pH。除石灰处理分别降低土壤有机质和碱解氮含量外,海泡石和蚯蚓粪均可有效提高土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,其中蚯蚓粪和石灰处理分别对土壤碱解氮和有效磷的增加效果最为明显,分别增加了36.53%～72.34%和67.96%～144.01%。与对照相比,添加石灰明显降低了土壤中DTPA-Cd、DTPA-Pb和DTPA-Zn含量,分别降低了16.94%～29.87%、8.26%～20.46%、27.91%～51.02%。添加蚯蚓粪则总体上增加土壤中DTPA提取态重金属（Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn）含量,而海泡石添加可增加土壤中DTPA-Cd和DTPA-Cu含量,降低DTPA-Pb和DTPA-Zn含量。石灰和海泡石处理都不同程度降低土壤中TCLP提取态重金属（Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn）含量,然而,添加蚯蚓粪处理显著地增加TCLP提取态重金属（Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn）含量。综合分析表明,石灰对于复合污染土壤中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的固定效果最佳,其次为海泡石,而蚯蚓粪的添加对土壤重金属具有活化作用。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定水中挥发性有机物的测量不确定度评定

根据测量不确定度评定与表示理论，采用气相色谱一质谱法测定水中挥发性有机物。以氯乙烯为例，通过计算和评定，得出当氯乙烯的测量结果为4．99μg／L时，取包含因子k=2（约95％置信概率），扩展不确定度U=0．96μg／L。该不确定度评定方法在实际工作中具有较强的实用价值。     

生态文明建设中不同行为主体的目标指标体系构建

建立生态文明建设目标指标体系是量化生态文明建设水平最有效的手段,是保证生态文明各领域建设活动有效开展和落实的重要途径。以生态文明建设的基本内涵为基础,提出生态文明建设中的"利益相关方"概念,并指出政府、企业、公众是主要利益相关方。分析了各主要利益相关方的定位、驱动力、利益关注点、权利、义务、沟通机制以及3者之间形成的复杂关系网。最后,结合各自在生态文明建设中应有的表现行为,分别设计了包含生态意识文明、生态行为文明、生态制度文明3层内涵的生态文明建设目标指标体系,旨在促进各利益相关方之间的自查或评比,将生态文明建设落实到各主要利益相关方的具体行为上。     

蒽降解菌T2的最佳培养条件及其对蒽的生物降解动力学研究

从长期被石油污染的土壤中筛选得到一株以蒽为惟一碳源的混合菌T2，在接种量为1％，pH为7，温度为30℃，摇床转速为120r／min，蒽的初始浓度为100mg／L的条件下培养5d后，其对蒽的降解率可以达到56．6％。通过单因素实验和正交实验对菌种T2的培养条件进行研究，得到菌种T2的最佳培养条件为：接种量为5％，pH为6，温度为35℃，蒽的初始浓度为40mg／L时，最适合菌种生长。另外，菌种T2对蒽的降解动力学实验的结果表明，蒽的残留浓度Y（mg／L）与时间t（h）符合方程y=2．544e（-0.00275）t.     

基于物元理论的自然灾害损失等级划分方法

基于"灾度"概念及其改进算法,结合物元理论,提出了自然灾害损失等级划分的可拓学算法,建立了基于物元理论的自然灾害损失等级划分模型,将物元分析方法应用于自然灾害损失等级划分,作为灾害损失等级评估方法的一种补充,并与之前算法互为验证.不仅论证了物元理论应用于灾害等级划分的可行性,阐述了自然灾害损失评估物元模型的算法过程,而且利用该模型正确评估了2008年中国南方冰冻灾害的损失等级.经过反复验证,证实了该方法的科学性,同时提出了该模型尚存在的细节问题,如灾度上限的取值,权重确定的方法等问题,以便于更好的完善该模型算法.     

Temporal variability of soil-atmospheric CO2 and CH4 fluxes from different land uses in mid-subtropical China

Different land uses in subtropics play an important role in regulating the global environmental changes. To reduce uncertainties of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of agricultural soils in subtropical ecosystem, a four years campaign was started to determine the temporal GHG (CO₂ and CH₄) fluxes from seven sites of four land use types (1 vegetable field, 3 uplands, 2 orchards, 1 pine forest). The mean annual budgets of CO₂, and CH₄ were 6.5～10.5 Mg CO₂ ha^?1 yr^?1, and +0.47 ～ ?2.37 kg CH₄ ha^?1 yr^?1, respectively. Pine forest had significantly lower CO₂ emission and higher CH₄ uptake than agriculture land uses. Tilled orchard emitted more CO₂ and oxidized less CH₄ than non-tilled orchard. Upland crops had higher CO₂ emissions than orchards, while abrupt differences of CH₄ uptake were observed between upland crops and orchards. Every year, the climate was warm and wet from April to September (the hot–humid season) and became cool and dry from October to March (the cool–dry season). Driven by seasonality of temperature and WFPS, CO₂ fluxes were significantly higher in the hot–humid season than in cool–dry season. Soil temperature, WFPS, NO₃^?–N and NH₄⁺–N contents interactively explained CH₄ uptake which was significantly higher in cool–dry season than in hot–humid season. We conclude that soil C fluxes from different land uses are strongly under control of different climatic predictors along with soil nutrient status, which interact in conjunction with each other to supply the readily available substrates.     

无锡市空间扩展的生态环境质量综合评价研究

伴随着城镇用地空间范围的迅速扩展，随着经济发展和城市化水平的提高，人口增长与土地之间的矛盾日益尖锐复杂，城市生态环境与人居环境的恶化已经严重地制约了经济和社会的发展。因此，合理利用有限的土地资源，保护环境，维护生态平衡，实现生态、经济、社会三者的协调发展是城市发展的目标，即在一定的空间范围和长远的时间量度内，保证城镇在规模扩大、结构优化和功能演进的基础上实现可持续发展。为此，本文在研究城镇用地空间增长和演变过程的基础上，就城市空间增长对生态环境的影响进行了评价。