共存物质对重金属絮凝剂 MCC 除镉性能的影响简

为进一步拓展天然高分子絮凝剂壳聚糖的应用范围，以壳聚糖、L-半胱氨酸为原料，通过酰胺化反应制备一种具有重金属捕集功能的高分子重金属絮凝剂-2-氨基-3-巯基丙酰壳聚糖（MCC），研究了水体中常见的阴阳离子、有机配位剂及浊度对MCC除镉性能的影响，探讨了絮体形貌与絮体分形维数及絮凝除镉效果间的关系。结果表明，Na⁺、Cl^-、NO₃^-、F^-、SO₄^2-的存在对MCC除Cd²⁺均有促进作用，Ca²⁺表现为明显的抑制作用；低浓度的EDTA对除镉有促进作用，随着EDTA浓度的增大，逐渐转为抑制作用；低浓度的腐殖酸对MCC去除Cd²⁺有显著的促进作用；在一定范围内，浊度可促进 MCC对Cd²⁺的去除；絮体间空隙越多，絮体分形维数越小，除镉效果越好。     

Optimal Policy Mechanism Design for Cross-Sector and Multi-Stage Pollution Control with a Bilevel Model: Application to SO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Emission in China

In this paper, we construct a multi-stage coordinated programming model under tax system to control SO₂ emission. The model is based on an explicitly formulated SO₂ abatement cost function created under Chinese condition. Analysis of the effectiveness and impact on the economy of the model is carried out with consideration of game theory. By solving the model, theoretical results show that the volume-based multi-stage SO₂ tax system has two properties: effectiveness and equal-rate. Based on these theoretical results, empirical study is also performed using Chinese historical data. Compared with yearly single-stage programming model, the tax rate generated by the coordinated multi-stage programming model is time-invariant and rather moderate in scale. The total abatement cost among planning years in our model is 21.03 % less than the actual number and 6.68 % less than that in the single-stage situation. The tax payment suggested by our model is 10.62 % less than by the single-stage model. In general, a coordinated multi-stage programming model helps reduce the overall costs of environmental protection while achieving the same emission control target with less burden added to the economy.     

Nitrogen enrichment in runoff sediments as affected by soil texture in Beijing mountain area

Enrichment ratio (ER) is widely used in nonpoint source pollution models to estimate the nutrient loss associated with soil erosion. The objective of this study was to determine the ER of total nitrogen (ER_N) in the sediments eroded from the typical soils with varying soil textures in Beijing mountain area. Each of the four soils was packed into a 40 by 30 by 15 cm soil pan and received 40-min simulated rainfalls at the intensity of 90 mm h^?1 on five slopes. ER_N for most sediments were above unity, indicating the common occurrence of nitrogen enrichment accompanied with soil erosion in Beijing mountain area. Soil texture was not the only factor that influenced N enrichment in this experiment since the ER_N for the two fine-textured soils were not always lower. Soil properties such as soil structure might exert a more important influence in some circumstances. The selective erosion of clay particles was the main reason for N enrichment, as implied by the significant positive correlation between the ER of total nitrogen and clay fraction in eroded sediments. Significant regression equations between ER_N and sediment yield were obtained for two pairs of soils, which were artificially categorized by soil texture. The one for fine-textured soils had greater intercept and more negative slope. Thus, the initially higher ER_N would be lower than that for the other two soils with coarser texture once the sediment yield exceeded 629 kg ha^?1.     

Positive matrix factorization as source apportionment of soil lead and cadmium around a battery plant (Changxing County,China)

Chemical compositions of soil samples are multivariate in nature and provide datasets suitable for the application of multivariate factor analytical techniques. One of the analytical techniques, the positive matrix factorization (PMF), uses a weighted least square by fitting the data matrix to determine the weights of the sources based on the error estimates of each data point. In this research, PMF was employed to apportion the sources of heavy metals in 104 soil samples taken within a 1-km radius of a lead battery plant contaminated site in Changxing County, Zhejiang Province, China. The site is heavily contaminated with high concentrations of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). PMF successfully partitioned the variances into sources related to soil background, agronomic practices, and the lead battery plants combined with a geostatistical approach. It was estimated that the lead battery plants and the agronomic practices contributed 55.37 and 29.28 %, respectively, for soil Pb of the total source. Soil Cd mainly came from the lead battery plants (65.92 %), followed by the agronomic practices (21.65 %), and soil parent materials (12.43 %). This research indicates that PMF combined with geostatistics is a useful tool for source identification and apportionment.     

二氧化钛脱除高温烟气中的氯化氢

HCl是城市垃圾焚烧产生的主要气体污染物之一。将一种新型脱氯剂TiO2引入到垃圾焚烧系统中,并与其他脱氯剂的性能进行比较。研究了不同脱氯剂使用量、不同反应温度和不同HCl气体浓度对TiO2、CaO和CaTiO3脱氯效果的影响。结果显示,TiO2能在高温(800~1 000℃)、高HCl浓度(1 303.6~1 629.5 mg/m3)下获得较好的脱氯效果。与传统的脱氯剂CaO相比,TiO2更适合于高温烟气脱氯,其在1 000℃时的氯容(36.3 mg HCl/g TiO2)几乎是相同情况下的CaO氯容(9.3 mg HCl/g CaO)的4倍。而CaTiO3的脱氯效果不但受到自身分解效率的影响,还受到TiO2和CaO脱氯效果的影响,其脱氯效果较差。     

强化循环厌氧反应器处理印染废水的中试启动研究

应用自主研制的强化循环厌氧反应器(SCAR)中试规模处理实际印染废水,研究反应器的启动特性。反应器接种厌氧颗粒污泥后启动运行83 d,形成连续内循环并实现了对印染废水处理的高效稳定运行。在进水COD浓度1 000~3 650 mg/L、系统容积负荷0.7~6.4 kg/(m3·d)条件下,废水COD和色度平均去除率分别达到55%和73%。反应器内较高浓度的NH+4-N保证了系统pH的稳定性,350~600 mg/L的NH+4-N浓度没有对强化循环厌氧反应器产生抑制作用,系统内也没有出现VFA(以乙酸计)积累。启动过程中,厌氧颗粒污泥的粒径增大、沉降性能变好。启动实验完成时,反应器内微生物的脱氢酶活性(以TF计)和辅酶F420浓度分别为3.4973 mg/(g·h)和0.1872μmol/g。     

石英砂滤料表面润湿改性

采用硅烷偶联剂、钛酸酯偶联剂和铝酸酯偶联剂对石英砂进行表面改性,以制备亲油疏水性滤料。研究得出,钛酸酯偶联剂改性石英砂的最佳工艺条件为:偶联剂用量15%,反应温度90℃,搅拌时间15 min;硅烷偶联剂和铝酸酯偶联剂改性石英砂的最佳工艺条件均为:偶联剂用量15%,反应温度110℃,搅拌时间15 min。水对钛酸酯偶联剂改性石英砂滤料的润湿重量由改性前的1.5589 g降低到0.0282 g,水对硅烷偶联剂改性石英砂滤料的润湿重量降低到0.0607 g,水对铝酸酯改性石英砂滤料的润湿重量降低到0.2664 g。静态吸附实验表明,硅烷偶联剂、钛酸酯偶联剂和铝酸酯偶联剂改性石英砂滤料对油的吸附容量分别增加了33.67%、42.87%和22.30%。XPS和FT-IR分析表明,偶联剂均以化学键的方式包覆在石英砂滤料表面,结合稳定。     

四川省眉山市“三线一单”编制案例分析

通过四川省眉山市“三线一单”编制试点工作的开展,探索出适合四川省情、尺度得当、具有可操作性的环境管控单元划分方法和适用技术方法以及生态环境准入清单制定原则,为全省“三线一单”编制工作的顺利推进起到了示范和引领作用。