防灾减灾系统工程的国际对比分析及建议

针对我国现存的灾害状况,本文通过国际对比的方法,对其他国家已有的减灾系统工程作了简单介绍,并结合我国实际,对未来建立减灾系统工程中应着重加强的薄弱环节作了分析,提出了加强立法工作,增加减灾投入,建立全国统一的减灾通讯系统的建议。     

Estimation of Emissions of γ-Hexachlorcyclohexane from the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Ecosystem Using a Coupled Efficient Kalman Filter–Atmospheric Transport–Soil Model

An efficient linear Kalman filter has been combined with a coupled atmospheric transport and soil–air exchange model to determine organochlorine pesticides emissions on the regional scale. In this study, results of -HCH emissions from the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence ecosystem, estimated from the coupled model, are presented and discussed. A source receptor technique is used to identify a priori the locations of emission sources of -HCH, the emissions are then updated through a Kalman filtering procedure which minimizes the weighted difference between the predicted mixing ratios from the coupled model and the measured concentrations over the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence river region. Two experiments using the inverse algorithm are carried out. In the first experiment, the coupled atmospheric transport and soil–air exchange model is implemented to predict -HCH air and soil concentrations. Emissions are then updated every 12 days using the updated soil concentrations and emission factors. However, the updated emissions are not input into the coupled atmospheric transport and soil–air exchange model. On the other hand, in the second experiment the updated emissions are fed back to the coupled model, so that the model is reinitialized in each 12 days. The results from the inverse technique for the year 1995 have been compared with grided -HCH emission inventory in Canada, generated by emission factors. It is shown that the estimated emissions of -HCH are consistent with the measured emissions. It is found that the St. Lawrence valley has larger emissions of -HCH than the Great Lakes region, indicating an opposite distribution to the emission usage inventory, but in agreement with the measured -HCH concentration.     

Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening contamination by chlorophenols in environmental waters

The development of an immunoassay for screening contamination by chlorophenols is presented. Two haptens were synthesized and conjugated to immunizing proteins to raise rabbit polyclonal antibodies. The antibody-coated format (direct) gave better sensitivity than the conjugate-coated format (indirect) if 2,4,6-trichlorophenol is used as target analyte. The measurement range was 86.4 microg l(-1) to 0.7 microg l(-1), with an average I50 of 7.8 microg l(-1) and a detection limit of 0.2 microg l(-1). The assay detects the presence of trichloropyridinol and other chlorophenols such as di-, tetra- and pentachlorophenols constituting thus a suitable tool for the early warning of the presence of such family contaminants. The optimized method permits the detection of the most important chlorophenols in a fast and reproducible way using no more than one antibody and a single assay. The results achieved with water samples spiked with different chlorophenols fit with a multiple linear regression model when expressing the total concentration of chlorophenols as equivalent of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (P < 0.01), demonstrating the usefulness of the assay as a screening tool to detect contamination by chlorophenols.     

原生动物与BOD_5相关性的研究

本文着重研究了原生动物平衡期及密度与ＢＯＤ５浓度的相关性。研究结果表明，原生动物平衡期与ＢＯＤ５的浓度有着ｙ＝１５６２７·ｅ０２４０·ｘ的指数关系，相关性为显著相关；原生动物密度与ＢＯＤ５浓度有着ｙ＝１１３４＋００３６·ｘ的线性关系，相关性为高度相关     

大气采样可调自动恒温加热器

本文阐述了实验目的及如何通过水温实验，用温控器和加热器来完成实验，从而得出结论：所设想的可调自动加热器是可行的     

Organic contamination in the greenhouse soils from Beijing suburbs, China

Selected persistent organic pollutants including HCHs, DDTs and PAHs together with PAEs were determined in the greenhouse soils from Beijing suburbs. The total concentrations were 11.64-29.80 ng g(-1) for HCHs, 18.04-101.33 ng g(-1) for DDTs, 1.34-3.15 microg g(-1) for PAEs and 1.92-7.84 microg g(-1) for PAHs, respectively. Predominance of beta-HCH in all samples was obviously observed, suggesting a lack of new HCHs sources. High concentrations of DDE and DDD in comparison to their parents in the samples indicated that most of the DDT had been transformed into its metabolites. The contamination of PAHs was relatively serious and the most abundant compounds were 4-, 5- and 6-ring unsubstituted PAHs. The profiles reflect the important effect of traffic on the PAHs remaining in greenhouse soils. Three phthalate esters (DIBP, DnBP and DEHP) accounted for more than 97% of the phthalates studied. Analysis of n-alkanes was also performed in order to trace the natural or anthropogenic sources of hydrocarbons. Characterization and identification of these compounds in greenhouse soil may help in development of strategies to be used in monitoring organic pollutants in this region.     

云南可持续发展的生态基础

森林植被破坏，生物多样性减少和自然灾害频发，使云南实施可持续发展战略受到极大的生态制约。为此，必须在制订生态环境规划的基础上，全面转变发展战略，通过建设生态农业，培植可持续的生物制品业，发展可持续的旅游业和实施一系列重大的生态基础建设工程，改变云南生态基础脆弱的状况。     

我国东部矿区土地复垦规划设计要点

结合我国多个东部矿区土地复垦工程实践,分析了东部矿区土地破坏的特点及优势,指出在复垦规划中的几个关键技术问题。     

长江以北沿海经济贝类中的麻痹性贝毒

应用小白鼠检测方法，对我国长江以北沿岸的经济贝类进行了麻痹性贝毒检测。采样时间 １９９７年９月２３日￣１２月８日。从鸭绿江口到长江口共调查２０个站位，检测经济贝类１４种，样品３８份，其中只有１份样品检测出麻痹性贝毒（６．４Ｍｎ／ｇ），其余样品均为未检出。     

处理染色废水专用活性炭研究

利用普通活性炭的筛余炭作基炭，采用浸渍化学物质后再活化的办法，使炭内大孔和中孔容积扩大并赋以催化能力，从而提高对染色废水中污染物的吸附能力，经小试和生产试验能使处理过的水达到纺织部活活用水标准，且活性炭寿命长，成本低，技术经济优势突出。