MBR工艺中溶解性有机物的分子量和EEM解析

采用凝胶过滤色谱(GFC)分子量测定技术和三维荧光(EEM)光谱技术,对平板膜-生物反应器工艺应用于餐饮废水和粪便污水处理的工程实例进行研究,对比分析2套工艺中的调节池水和出水的溶解性有机物(DOM)及污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的性质变化.研究表明,餐饮废水处理过程的调节池水DOM中大分子(＞100 kDa)物质比例为6...     

好氧颗粒污泥降解甲基叔丁醚的实验研究

以絮状活性污泥为接种污泥,以甲基叔丁醚(MTBE)为唯一碳源,通过调控运行参数,在SBR反应器中可成功培养出降解MTBE的好氧颗粒污泥.成熟的好氧颗粒污泥平均粒径为202.7 μm,污泥容积指数(SVI)为75 mg/L,污泥混合液挥发性悬浮固体(MLVSS)为1 311 mg/L,污泥表面可观察到球菌、短杆菌和长杆菌等不同菌落.反应器进水MTBE高达650 mg/L时,出水可维持在10 mg/L以下,去除率达98%以上(其中挥发部分约占25%).变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)指纹图表明,稳定阶段污泥内微生物种群丰富,且种类与数量基本保持稳定.     

不同重要性建筑的名义基准期取值合理性研究

用名义基准期来标定建筑的重要性类别的方法能够直观体现重要性类别的不同,通过分析比较了我国抗震设计规范与文中所提方法在规定不同重要性建筑的设防参数方面的差别,并重点对17个同家的和文中所提方法计算的不同重要性建筑的地震作用进行分析比较之后,发现所提方法确定的不同重要性建筑地震作用的比值与美国、日本、欧洲等多数国家均比较接近,从而定量地验证了所提方法确定的名义基准期取值的合理性.该方法目前已经被我国<建筑工程抗震性态设计通则(试用)>(CECS 160:2004)采用.     

太原市大气PM_(2.5)中铅同位素特征研究

使用ICP-MS测定太原市2009年夏季至2010年春季典型月份中存在于PM2.5上的铅(Pb)及同位素特征,分析了铅的浓度水平、季节变化特征,探讨了铅同位素丰度比特征,并由富集因子法初步解析了铅的来源。结果显示,太原市环境大气中存在于PM2.5上的Pb含量为270.83ng/m3,低于我国环境空气质量标准(GB3095-2012)中对颗粒物中铅的年均限值,在国内属中等水平。冬季存在于PM2.5中的Pb浓度水平最高,与取暖燃煤排放有关;扬尘中的Pb富集则对春季的Pb污染有较大贡献。Pb与PM2.5的相关性显示夏季和冬季二者来源一致,皆为燃煤排放;206 Pb/207 Pb与208 Pb/206 Pb的同位素丰度比特征也表明PM2.5中Pb的主要源于燃煤排放,由于冬季煤炭消费量较高,其燃烧排放对PM2.5中Pb的贡献高于其他季节。采样期间PM2.5中Pb的富集因子(20.45)显示,Pb主要源于人为活动的排放;春季的富集因子(10.76)接近10,表明春季时自然源的Pb对PM2.5的贡献较大。     

水稻秸秆经漆酶预处理后产沼气研究

利用秸秆产沼气是秸秆无害化处理解决环境污染问题的可行手段.本研究针对秸秆特殊结构而导致产沼气少、启动慢、利用率低等问题,采用自培养漆酶预处理水稻秸秆,提高了秸秆产气率及利用率.通过研究发现,当漆酶添加量为40 mL、发酵温度为35℃、预处理7d的条件下,秸秆的产气量最高;同时发现,金属离子的添加对沼气产量有很大影响,其中Cu2添加后产气量提高最多.另外,研究发现预处理天数为24 d的秸秆木质素纤维素降解率最高.     

硫脲修饰超高交联聚苯乙烯树脂吸附Cr（Ⅵ）

以氯甲基聚苯乙烯树脂（CMPS）为前体,经后交联反应合成超高交联树脂（J-2）,再经硫脲胺基改性得到硫脲修饰超高交联聚苯乙烯树脂（TU-PS）.通过BET、FTIR等对树脂结构进行表征,并考察了pH、吸附温度、接触时间等因素对TU-PS改性树脂吸附Cr（Ⅵ）性能的影响.结果表明,改性树脂（TU-PS）对Cr（Ⅵ）吸附的最佳条件为：Cr（Ⅵ）初始浓度为500 mg·L^-1、初始pH值为2、树脂用量为2.5 g·L^-1、吸附温度为45 ℃、吸附时间为6 h.在此最佳条件下,TU-PS树脂对Cr（Ⅵ）的最大吸附量为140.00 mg·g^-1,去除率为70.18%.吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附模型和 准二级动力学模型,吸附过程以单分子层化学吸附为主.TU-PS树脂对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附是静电吸附和化学吸附共同作用的结果.     

2015—2020年湖北省PM2.5和臭氧复合污染特征演变分析

为揭示湖北省PM_2.5和臭氧(O₃)复合污染演变特征,基于湖北省17个地市的空气质量国控点和武汉市大气超级站组分监测数据,全面分析湖北省17个地市2015—2020年PM_2.5和O₃的时空变化特征及相关关系,探讨PM_2.5和O₃协同效应的成因机理. 结果表明:①2015—2020年,湖北省PM_2.5显著改善,平均降幅为4.7 μg/(m3·a),但冬季负荷仍较高,主要集中于中部地区;O₃污染凸显,平均增幅为3.8 μg/(m3·a),污染集中在4—10月的暖季,东部地区最严重,近两年超标天数已与PM_2.5相当. ②湖北省PM_2.5和O₃关联日趋密切,协同效应显著,日评价指标显示夏季二者呈显著正相关(相关系数为0.57),近两年当PM_2.5浓度≤50 μg/m3时,相关系数高达0.63;冬季PM_2.5浓度与O_x(O₃+NO₂)浓度呈正相关,尤其2020年东部城市二者相关性高达0.46,显示大气氧化性对PM_2.5二次污染的重要性. ③以武汉市为例,归纳PM_2.5和O₃复合污染的成因,暖季低PM_2.5背景下,高温、中等湿度和弱风速的气象条件以及VOCs和NO_x等前体物的高浓度排放,使得受VOCs主控的光化学反应加剧,易造成O₃污染,从而加强PM_2.5二次生成;冬季高的大气氧化性,叠加不利气象条件,促进颗粒物的二次生成,导致重污染时PM_2.5组分以硝酸盐等二次无机组分为主. 研究显示,湖北省PM_2.5和O₃协同控制重点为,在保持现有NO_x控制力度基础上强化VOCs控制,遏制暖季和东部区域O₃浓度上升,加强冬季和中部PM_2.5治理.      

Temperature-dependent sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on natural and treated sediments

In aqueous environment temperature is considered to play a significant role in the sorption process of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and its influence on the sorption equilibrium is indicative of sorption energies and mechanisms. In this study, sorptions of five PAHs on three heterogeneous sorbents including one river sediment (YHR), one estuary sediment (YRD) and one treated sediment with organic matter removed (IM) were carried out at a range of temperature from 5 °C to 35 °C. Stronger sorptions were observed at lower temperatures, with the equilibrium sorption coefficient K_d increasing 2-5 times as the temperature decreases 30 °C. The increase of K_d value was attributed primarily to the change of PAH water solubility, which predicted 40-75% of the increase of K_d in the sorption process. To provide insight into the sorption mechanism, enthalpy change (ΔH_S) for the sorption process was calculated and the values were observed to be negative for all of the interactions, suggesting that the exothermal sorption of PAHs inversely dependents on temperature. Based on the values of ΔH_S, van der Waals forces were inferred as the main sorption mechanism for the PAHs, especially on the YHR sediment which contained more organic matter. For sorption of larger size PAHs on the sorbents with low organic matter, specific interactions were deduced to contribute to the overall sorption.     

Distribution characteristics of organochlorine pesticides in surface and vertical sediments from the Zha Long Wetland, China

Introduction

The Zha Long Wetland, the first water bird conservation area in China, lies on the northern bank of the Song Nen Plain with an area of 2,100 km². In many areas of the Zha Long Wetland, water pollution has led to a decrease in the wetland??s ecological function, vegetation degradation, a decrease in the number of bird species, and the depletion of fish resources.

Materials and methods

The sediments used in this study were collected from the surface sediment of seven sites and from different depths in three types of marshes in the Zha Long Wetland in northeast China in late October 2006. The levels and distribution patterns of 17 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs; ??-HCH, ??-HCH, ??-HCH, ??-HCH, p,p??-DDE, p,p??-DDD, p,p??-DDT, endosulfan I, endosulfan II, endosulfan sulfate, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, endrin aldehyde, and methoxychlor) in surface sediments as well as hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) in vertical sediments were investigated.

Results and discussion

The concentrations of HCHs, DDTs, endosulfans, heptachlors, aldrin, and methoxychlor in surface sediments ranged from 10.44 to 41.97 ng/g, nd (undetectable levels) to 211.88 ng/g, nd to 69.89 ng/g, nd to 28.10 ng/g, 9.81 to 623.83 ng/g, and from nd to 3.99 ng/g, respectively. The highest levels of OCPs were detected in Tangtugangzi at a total concentration of 727.72 ng/g, where the dominant compound was endrin at a concentration of 483.04 ng/g. In the vertical sediments, the HCHs and DDTs were in the ranges of nd?C136.00 and nd?C214.06 ng/g, respectively.

Conclusions

Different distributions of HCHs, DDTs, and other OCPs indicated that they originated from different contamination sources. Composition analyses in surface sediments indicated recent OCP usage or discharge at some sample sites in the Zha Long Wetland.     

NaCl和KCl对厌氧污泥抑制的动力学研究

在厌氧颗粒污泥和厌氧絮状污泥系统中,进行盐质量浓度(NaCl或KCl质量浓度,下同)对厌氧污泥抑制动力学的研究,得到不同拟合的COD降解动力学方程及参数.实验结果表明:当盐质量浓度为10～30 g/L时,KCl对厌氧污泥的COD比降解速率的抑制程度大于NaCl;当盐质量浓度由0 g/L增至10 g/L时,半速率常数逐渐增加;当盐质量浓度由10 g/L增至30 g/L时,半速率常数逐渐减小;在厌氧污泥系统中,NaCl抑制作用下的盐抑制常数高于KCl,且颗粒污泥的盐抑制常数高于絮状污泥.