黄河流域五大灌区沿河耕地土壤肥力评价与改良措施

为了提高黄河流域农业可持续性,保障区域粮食安全,本文以宁夏（NX）、河套（HT）、汾河（FG）、关中（GZ）、华北平原（HB）五大引黄灌区耕层土壤为研究对象,测定其养分含量并进行土壤肥力评价。结果表明：五大灌区土壤pH均高于8.0,土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾、速效钾含量均值分别为16.43 g?kg^?1、0.96 g?kg^?1、79.71 mg?kg^?1、0.76 g?kg^?1、30.60 mg?kg^?1、16.85 g?kg^?1、228.73 mg?kg^?1,对应养分级别为四级、四级、四级、三级、二级、三级、一级;土壤微量元素有效态铁、锰、铜、锌含量均值为6.21 mg?kg^?1、5.94 mg?kg^?1、1.05 mg?kg^?1、5.10 mg?kg^?1,对应养分级别为三级、四级、一级、一级。黄河流域五大灌区沿河耕地土壤综合肥力指数由大到小的顺序为：NX＞FG＞HB＞HT＞GZ。各灌区应增加农田有机质,调整氮磷钾肥施加比例,重视微量元素供给,从而实现灌区种植的可持续发展。     

黄河流域夏季水质量评价及管理对策

为了有效保护黄河水资源,促进黄河流域绿色发展,本研究在黄河流域上、中、下游贵德、兰州、三门峡和东营地点分别采样,分析p H、溶解氧、固体悬浮物、氨氮、硝态氮、总氮、亚硝态氮、总有机碳、总无机碳、总碳、总磷、化学需氧量、五日生化需氧量、粪大肠菌群、挥发酚含量变化趋势,并进行水质综合评价。结果发现:(1)固体悬浮物变化呈现东营兰州三门峡贵德;(2)氨氮、硝态氮、总氮、总有机碳、总无机碳、总碳、总磷、化学需氧量、五日生化需氧量、粪大肠菌群变化趋势依次为三门峡兰州东营贵德;(3)亚硝态氮和挥发酚含量变化趋势为兰州三门峡东营贵德;(4)综合水质评价结果为贵德水质好于东营,东营水质好于兰州,兰州好于三门峡。研究表明邻近城市和大型支流汇入点下游河段是黄河氮污染的主要来源,流域各省各级政府领导,要认真学习习总书记提出的"绿水青山就是金山银山"的生态思想,要入脑入心,严格科学减排,"一定要把黄河的事情办好"。     

基于数值模拟对西安地区冬季一次重污染过程PM2.5区域来源解析

西安是关中盆地经济发展的核心城市,特殊的地形和工业发展导致冬季细颗粒物（PM_2.5）污染严重,制定科学合理的治理措施迫切需要明确PM_2.5的来源.本文基于空气质量模式CAMx（Comprehensive Air Quality Model with extensions）、颗粒物源解析模块PSAT（Particulate Source Apportionment Technology）及融入多种来源数据后建立的排放清单来量化西安地区本地及区域传输贡献.在本文研究的重污染过程中,模式的模拟精度合理,模拟与观测值相关系数为0.78,FAC2达到95%.PSAT模块在本次重污染过程中对西安PM_2.5的来源解析结果显示：在城区,西安本地为最大的排放源区,日均贡献率均大于60%,其次为咸阳8%,省外的传输为6%;在郊区,西安本地的贡献减少,传输贡献增加,其中阎良区传输贡献达到83%.对西安城区的一次细颗粒物面源排放量减少50%模拟后,城区和郊区来自周边区域渭南或咸阳的贡献率有6%~8%的增长.该研究结果表明需要从本地排放管控和区域联防两方面来改善西安地区的空气质量.     

基于最优尺度Logit模型的交通事故形态致因分析

为剖析典型交通事故形态致因,在利用最优尺度分析法诊断交通事故形态致因共线性的基础上,筛选关键影响因素,构建无序多分类Logit交通事故致因模型并对模型进行参数标定,并选择100个交通事故样本对模型进行精度验证,该模型相对误差仅为4.0％,能够较为准确地分析典型交通事故形态致因.研究结果表明:路侧及中央隔离设施、照明是事...     

Control strategies for disinfection byproducts by ion exchange resin,nanofiltration and their sequential combination

● Effects of AER adsorption and NF on DBP precursors, DBPs, and TOX were examined. ● A treatment approach of resin adsorption followed by nanofiltration was developed. ● Both DOC and Br⁻ could be effectively removed by the sequential approach. ● DBPs, TOX, and cytotoxicity were significantly reduced by the sequential approach. Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are emerging pollutants in drinking water with high health risks. Precursor reduction before disinfection is an effective strategy to control the formation of DBPs. In this study, three types of anion exchange resins (AERs) and two types of nanofiltration (NF) membranes were tested for their control effects on DBP precursors, DBPs, and total organic halogen (TOX). The results showed that, for AER adsorption, the removal efficiencies of DBP precursors, DBPs, and TOX increased with the increase of resin dose, and the strong basic macroporous anion exchange resin (M500MB) had the highest removal efficiencies. For NF, the highest removal efficiencies were achieved at an operating pressure of 4 bar, and the membrane (NF90) with a smaller molecular weight cut-off, had a better control efficiency. However, AER adsorption was inefficient in removing dissolved organic carbon (DOC); NF was inefficient in removing Br⁻ resulting in insufficient control of Br-DBPs. Accordingly, a sequential approach of AER (M500MB) adsorption followed by NF (NF90) was developed to enhance the control efficiency of DBPs. Compared with single AER adsorption and single NF, the sequential approach further increased the removal efficiencies of DOC by 19.4%–101.9%, coupled with the high Br⁻ removal efficiency of 92%, and thus improved the reduction of cyclic DBPs and TOX by 3.5%–4.9%, and 2.4%–8.4%, respectively; the sequential approach also reduced the cytotoxicity of the water sample by 66.4%.     

吉林省地方生态环境标准体系研究及发展思考

地方生态环境标准是国家生态环境标准的有效补充。以吉林省为例,通过系统研究地方生态环境标准体系现状,发现吉林省地方生态环境标准存在体系不健全、黑土地分布区生态环境协同保护待加强、标准的全过程管理机制待加强等问题,提出加强顶层设计,完善地方生态环境标准体系,并推动东北黑土地分布区地方生态环境标准体系协同发展,紧跟政策完善重点区域和流域污染物协同管控标准,强化标准宣贯等发展构想,可为其他地区生态环境标准体系构建工作提供参考。     

Multifunctional metal-organic frameworks in oil spills and associated organic pollutant remediation

The release of toxic organic compounds into the environment in an event of oil spillage is a global menace due to the potential impacts on the ecosystem. Several approaches have been employed for oil spills clean-up, with adsorption technique proven to be more promising for the total reclamation of a polluted site. Of the several adsorbents so far reported, adsorbent-based porous materials have gained attention for the reduction/total removal of different compounds in environmental remediation applications. The superior potential of mesoporous materials based on metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) against conventional adsorbents is due to their intriguing and enhanced properties. Therefore, this review presents recent development in MOF composites; methods of preparation; and their practical applications towards remediating oil spill, organic pollutants, and toxic gases in different environmental media, as well as potential materials in the possible deployment in reclaiming the polluted Niger Delta due to unabated oil spillage and gas flaring.

     

化学镀镍废水中磷和镍的同步去除

为有效去除化学镀镍废水中的主要污染物质磷与镍,采用H_2O_2氧化、芬顿氧化、铁碳处理、次氯酸钙氧化4种方法进行同步除磷去镍效果研究。结果表明:H_2O_2可有效去除废水中的镍,但单独氧化除磷效果不佳,芬顿氧化可增强其对磷的去除率,在一定的反应时间下达到良好的同步除磷去镍的效果;铁碳处理可基本达到同步除磷去镍的效果,但反应时间长;次氯酸钙可快速去除水中的磷与镍,是一种理想的同步除磷去镍试剂。通过分析可知,4种方法对化学镀镍废水中的磷与镍的去除均具有一定效果,且各具优势。研究为实现化学镀镍废水中同步除磷去镍的目标提供参考。     

固定污染源废气中磷酸雾测定方法研究

目前,对固定污染源废气中磷酸雾的检测并无统一的方法,相关含磷污染物的控制指标主要是磷化氢、单质磷以及五氧化二磷。在调研国内外分析方法及相关文献的基础上,通过对几种典型含磷污染源的实样测试,提出了固定污染源废气中磷酸雾的检测方法。结果表明,使用石英滤筒捕集固定污染源废气中的磷酸雾,采样效率可达98%以上。捕集到的总磷酸雾不仅包含磷酸,还包含磷酸盐以及含磷氧化物等,是一项综合指标。该指标能够反映含磷污染物的排放特征,可为未来此类污染物的排放控制提供依据。     

公路突发交通事件应急资源配置效率研究*

为合理有效配置公路突发事件下的应急资源，从资源投入与产出角度建立3级评价指标体系，在此基础上将应急资源投入与产出比作为目标函数，引入数据包络分析法构建应急资源配置效率模型，采用TOPSIS法对应急资源配置方案效率进行排序。以新疆10个公路局应急资源配置效率为例，分析其资源投入与产出的冗余度，并对有效决策单元进行排序。结果表明:该模型能获得应急资源配置冗余度，并对其进行资源配置效率分析，从而为公路局进行有效资源配置提供参考。