DAoPM与铬（Ⅵ）显色反应的研究

在磷酸介质中，Ｍｎ（Ⅱ）存在下，ＤＡｏＰＭ和铬（Ⅵ）反应生成橙色物，λｍａｘ＝４８０ｎｍ、ε＝２．２５＊１０＾５Ｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－１．ｃｍ＾－１，铬（Ⅵ）含量在０－５μｇ／２５ｍＬ内符合比尔定律，方法用于水样中铬（Ⅵ）的测定，结果满意。     

基于核探针研究的大气气溶胶单颗粒指纹数据库的研制

探讨了基于核探针研究的大气气溶胶单颗粒脂纹数据库研制的几个问题，主要包括指纹数据库的设计思想与数据结构、数据库系统功能、系统功能实现以及实验方法。同时该数据库被应用于上海市大气气溶胶环境监测当中，结果表明：该数据库不但能够快速的提供来自不同污染源颗粒物的信息，而且还可以追踪解析大气污染物的来源及其贡献率，为大气环境监测提供实时监测服务。     

典型城市机动车排气污染防治研究

机动车尾气污染日益加剧,对城市环境空气质量造成严重影响。文中分析了江苏省几个重点城市机动车排气污染的现状及原因,从政策、技术等多方面提出了一系列具体的防治对策。     

Bacterial reduction and release of adsorbed arsenate on Fe(Ⅲ)-, Al- and coprecipitated Fe(Ⅲ)/Al-hydroxides

Mobilization of arsenic under anaerobic conditions is of great concern in arsenic contaminated soils and sediments. Bacterial reduction of As(V) and Fe(Ⅲ) influences the cycling and partitioning of arsenic between solid and aqueous phase. We investigated the impact of bacterially mediated reductions of Fe(Ⅲ)/Al hydroxides-bound arsenic(V) and iron(Ⅲ) oxides on arsenic release. Our results suggested that As(V) reduction occurred prior to Fe(Ⅲ) reduction, and Fe(Ⅲ) reduction did not enhance the release of arsenic. Instead, Fe(Ⅲ) hydroxides retained their dissolved concentrations during the experimental process, even though the new iron mineral-magnetite formed. In contrast, the release of reduced As(Ⅲ) was promoted greatly when aluminum hydroxides was incorporated. Thus, the substitution of aluminum hydroxides may be responsible for the release of arsenic in the contaminated soils and sediments, since aluminum substitution of Fe(Ⅲ) hydroxides universally occurs under natural conditions.     

Sustainable water–energy–environment nexus

Environmental Science and Pollution Research -     

Household hazardous waste quantification,characterization and management in China’s cities: A case study of Suzhou

A four-stage systematic tracking survey of 240 households was conducted from the summer of 2011 to the spring of 2012 in a Chinese city of Suzhou to determine the characteristics of household hazardous waste (HHW) generated by the city. Factor analysis and a regression model were used to study the major driving forces of HHW generation. The results indicate that the rate of HHW generation was 6.16 (0.16–31.74, 95% CI) g/person/day, which accounted for 2.23% of the household solid waste stream. The major waste categories contributing to total HHW were home cleaning products (21.33%), medicines (17.67%) and personal care products (15.19%). Packaging and containers (one-way) and products (single-use) accounted for over 80% of total HHW generation, implying a considerable potential to mitigate HHW generation by changing the packaging design and materials used by manufacturing enterprises. Strong correlations were observed between HHW generation (g/person/day) and the driving forces group of “household structure” and “consumer preferences” (among which the educational level of the household financial manager has the greatest impact). Furthermore, the HHW generation stream in Suzhou suggested the influence of another set of variables, such as local customs and culture, consumption patterns, and urban residential life-style. This study emphasizes that HHW should be categorized at its source (residential households) as an important step toward controlling the HHW hazards of Chinese cities.     

不同分辨率CMAQ模式系统对北京PM2.5预报效果研究

自北京奥运会以来，CMAQ模式作为北京多模式预报系统的一个成员在北京空气质量预报中得到广泛应用.为了更好地发展模式系统预报性能，本文针对北京开展完整年份PM_2.5模拟预报效果评估，结合我国环境空气质量标准，引入IAQI预报准确率、等级预报准确率以及预报综合评分法等多项指标，研究评价不同代际不同模式分辨率CMAQ模式系统预报效果差异.研究结果表明，①新研发的CMAQ模式系统预报效果整体优于原有业务预报模式系统，综合考虑预报级别准确性和预报空气质量分指数精确度的得分评估结果显示，新一代CMAQ模式3 km空间分辨率（BJ03）4 d预报时效内得分为73.1~80.5分，高于9 km空间分辨率（BJ09）和原有CMAQ模式5 km空间分辨率（CN05）和15 km空间分辨率（CN15）的预报结果综合得分.②BJ03区域的预报效果优于BJ09区域，BJ03区域预报的PM_2.5-IAQI准确率达42%，空气质量等级准确率达68%~79%，预报综合评价得分最高80.5分；而9 km分辨率CMAQ模式预报的PM_2.5-IAQI准确率为30%，等级准确率为53%~70%，预报综合评价得分最高为75.3分.③模式PM_2.5-IAQI预报准确率整体随预报时长增加而下降，原有业务系统CMAQ模式的CN05、CN15区域IAQI预报准确率由24 h内的27%下降至7 d预报时长的22%左右；BJ03区域IAQI预报准确率由24 h内的42%下降到4 d预报时长的29%，与之对应的BJ09区域IAQI预报准确率由24 h内的30%下降到4 d预报时长25%，至9 d预报时长，IAQI预报准确率进一步下降到22%，即达到原有业务预报系统7 d IAQI预报准确率.④模式秋冬季的PM_2.5预报结果整体较实况偏高，BJ03区域秋冬季较实况偏高9.2 μg·m^-3，而BJ09、CN05和CN15区域较实况偏高25.6~37.9 μg·m^-3.     

An enhanced environmental multimedia modeling system based on fuzzy-set approach: II. Model validation and application

Part I of this study develops an enhanced environmental multimedia modeling system (EMMS) based on fuzzy-set approach. Once the model development is complete, the composite module and the entire modeling system need to be tested and validated to ensure that the model can simulate natural phenomena with reasonable and reliable accuracy. The developed EMMS is first tested in a complete case study. And then verification results are conducted to compare with extensively researched literature data. In the third step, the data from an experimental landfill site is used for a pilot-scale validation. The comparisons between EMMS outputs and the literature data indicate that the EMMS can perform accurate modeling simulation. The modules of EMMS could support the entire environmental multimedia modeling system. Further field-scale validation is finished. The results are satisfactory. Most of the modeling yields closely match the monitoring data collected from sites. In addition, with the aid of fuzzy-set approach, EMMS can be a reliable and powerful tool to address the complex environmental multimedia pollution problems and provide an extensive support for decision makers in managing the contaminated environmental systems.     

纳米银对蒙古黄芪种子和幼苗的毒性研究与数据挖掘分析

探讨纳米银(AgNPs)对蒙古黄芪种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,并基于文献数据讨论AgNPs对单一物种的影响是否与数据挖掘趋势相符合.蒙古黄芪种子置于9个不同浓度的AgNPs溶液中,每日观察并记录种子萌发情况.观察结束后进行萌发和生长指标测定,并基于实验结果和文献数据进行比较分析.结果 表明,随着AgNPs浓度升高,蒙古黄芪最终发芽率受到抑制,高浓度时显著降低(P＜0.05);浓度为600 mg·L-1和1000 mg·L-1时平均发芽时间显著高于其他处理组(P＜0.05);浓度升高到400～1000mg·L-1时,胚根长、子叶长和子叶宽受到抑制,显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);胚轴的长度未受到AgNPs浓度变化的影响;叶绿素和氮含量在AgNPs浓度为200 mg·L-1时开始显著降低(P＜0.05);与对照组相比,各浓度处理组(除20 mg·L-1外)的鲜质量与干质量均显著减少(P＜0.05);幼苗地上部分和地下部分抗氧化酶过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性变化趋势基本一致.通过计算抑制率表明,600 mg·L-1和1000 mg·L-1的AgNPs对蒙古黄芪具有毒害作用.总的来说,实验结果部分符合数据挖掘模型趋势.比较几种分析模型发现,隶属函数法分析和主成分分析结果一致,meta分析比冗余分析更适用于单一物种趋势的预测.AgNPs抑制蒙古黄芪种子萌发,低浓度AgNPs对幼苗影响不明显,高浓度严重抑制幼苗生长.