Temporal variability of atmospheric particulate matter and chemical composition during a growing season at an agricultural site in northeastern China

This study presents the observations of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) concentrations at an agricultural site from April to October 2012 in Dehui city,China.Ambient air was sampled by filter-based samplers and online PM monitors.The filter samples were analyzed to determine the abundance of ionic/inorganic elements,organic carbon(OC) and elemental carbon(EC).The daily PM_(10) concentrations varied significantly over the monitoring period,with an average of168 ± 63(in the range of 52-277) μg/m~3 during the land preparation/planting period(26 April-15 June),85 ± 65(36-228) μg/m~3 during the growing season(16 June-25 September),and 207 ±88(103-310) μg/m~3 during the harvest period(26 September-31 October).PM_(2.5) accounted for44%,56%and 66%of atmospheric PM_(10) during these periods,respectively.The PM_(10) diurnal variation showed a distinct peak from 16:00 to 21:00(LST) during the growing and harvesting seasons,while a gradual increase throughout the daytime until 17:00 was observed during tilling season.Mineral dust elements(Al,Ca,Fe,and Mg) dominated the PM_(10) chemical composition during the tilling season;OC,NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-) and NH_4~+ during the growing season;and carbonaceous species(i.e.,OC and EC) during the harvesting season.Our results indicate that the soil particles emitted by farm tillage and organic matter released from straw burning are the two most significant sources of PM_(10) emissions contributing to the recurring high pollution events in this region.Therefore,development of agricultural PM inventories from soil tillage and straw burning is prioritized to support air quality modeling.     

Hg removal from flue gas over different zeolites modified by FeCl3

The elemental mercury removal abilities of three different zeolites (NaA, NaX, HZSM-5) impregnated with iron(III) chloride were studied on a lab-scale fixed-bed reactor. X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption porosimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) analyses were used to investigate the physicochemical properties. Results indicated that the pore structure and active chloride species on the surface of the samples are the key factors for physisorption and oxidation of Hg⁰, respectively. Relatively high surface area and micropore volume are beneficial to efficient mercury adsorption. The active Cl species generated on the surface of the samples were effective oxidants able to convert elemental mercury (Hg⁰) into oxidized mercury (Hg^2 +). The crystallization of NaCl due to the ion exchange effect during the impregnation of NaA and NaX reduced the number of active Cl species on the surface, and restricted the physisorption of Hg⁰. Therefore, the Hg⁰ removal efficiencies of the samples were inhibited. The TPD analysis revealed that the species of mercury on the surface of FeCl₃–HZSM-5 was mainly in the form of mercuric chloride (HgCl₂), while on FeCl₃–NaX and FeCl₃–NaA it was mainly mercuric oxide (HgO).     

Role of secondary aerosols in haze formation in summer in the Megacity Beijing

A field experiment from 18 August to 8 September 2006 in Beijing, China, was carried out. A hazy day was defined as visibility 10 km and RH(relative humidity) 90%. Four haze episodes, which accounted for ~ 60% of the time during the whole campaign, were characterized by increases of SNA(sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) and SOA(secondary organic aerosol) concentrations. The average values with standard deviation of SO2-+4, NO-3, NH4 and SOA were 49.8(± 31.6), 31.4(±22.3), 25.8(±16.6) and 8.9(±4.1) μg/m3, respectively, during the haze episodes, which were 4.3, 3.4, 4.1, and 1.7 times those in the non-haze days. The SO2-4,NO-3, NH+4, and SOA accounted for 15.8%, 8.8%, 7.3%, and 6.0% of the total mass concentration of PM10 during the non-haze days. The respective contributions of SNA species to PM10 rose to about27.2%, 15.9%, and 13.9% during the haze days, while the contributions of SOA maintained the same level with a slight decrease to about 4.9%. The observed mass concentrations of SNA and SOA increased with the increase of PM10 mass concentration, however, the rate of increase of SNA was much faster than that of the SOA. The SOR(sulfur oxidation ratio) and NOR(nitrogen oxidation ratio) increased from non-haze days to hazy days, and increased with the increase of RH. High concentrations of aerosols and water vapor favored the conversion of SO2 to SO2-4and NO2 to NO-3, which accelerated the accumulation of the aerosols and resulted in the formation of haze in Beijing.     

Photodegradation of methylmercury in Jialing River of Chongqing, China

Photodegradation(PD) of methylmercury(MMHg) is a key process of mercury(Hg) cycling i water systems, maintaining MMHg at a low level in water systems. However, we posses little knowledge of this important process in the Jialing River of Chongqing, China. In sit incubation experiments were thus performed to measure temporal patterns and influencin factors of MMHg PD in this river. The results showed that MMHg underwent a ne demethylation process under solar radiation in the water column, which predominantl occurred in surface waters. For surface water, the highest PD rate constants were observed i spring(12 × 10-3± 1.5 × 10~(-3)m~2/E), followed by summer(9.0 × 10~(-3)± 1.2 × 10~(-3)m~2/E), autum(1.4 × 10~(-3)± 0.12 × 10~(-3)m~2/E), and winter(0.78 × 10~(-3)± 0.11 × 10~(-3)m~2/E). UV-A radiatio(320–400 nm), UV-B radiation(280–320 nm), and photosynthetically active radiation(PAR400–700 nm) accounted for 43%–64%, 14%–31%, and 16%–45% of MMHg PD, respectively. PD rat constants varied substantially with the treatments that filtered the river water and amended with chemicals(i.e., Cl-, NO_3~-, dissolved organic matter(DOM), Fe(III)), which reveals tha suspended particulate matter and water components are important factors in affecting the PD process. For the entire water column, the PD rate constant determined for each wavelengt range decreased rapidly with water depth. UV-A, UV-B, and PAR contributed 27%–46%, 6.2%12%, and 42%–65% to the PD process, respectively. PD flux was estimated to be 4.7 μg/(m~2·yea in the study site. Our results are very important to understand the cycling characteristics o MMHg in the Jialing River of Chongqing, China.     

基于中线调水的襄阳市水资源承载力研究

以汉江中游襄阳市为研究对象,在分析襄阳市自然地理和社会经济条件的基础上,构建反映区域水资源承载力水平的评价指标体系,由17项指标组成,利用向量模法对襄阳市2000—2012年的水资源承载力进行现实评价。结果显示,期间襄阳市水资源承载力评价值维持在0.2939~0.4114,属于较弱承载力,但有不断改善的趋势。随着2014年中线工程首次实现调水,汉江下泄水量减少,其水资源供需矛盾将更加突出。研究结果对于襄阳市科学合理地开发利用水资源、加强生态环境建设,以减小调水带来的不利影响,具有一定的理论参考价值和实践指导意义。     

废旧电子线路板中铜、镍、银的连续测定

为解决废旧电子线路板金属检测过程中所遇到的金属分布不均匀以及金属难以浸取问题,采取适当的样品前处理和样品全分析法。通过对样品进行适当前处理,先灼烧破坏其有机物,再以王水全部溶解样品,在一定条件下,碘量法测定铜、原子吸收光谱法测定镍和银,相对标准偏差均小于3.5%。     

环氧氯丙烷工艺中分离罐气相出口的燃爆危险性分析

环氧氯丙烷生产工艺中双氧水分解产生的氧气与含氯丙烯、环氧氯丙烷、甲醇的可燃气体混合存在燃爆危险,为预防燃爆发生,利用5L爆炸极限测试仪测定分离罐气相出口可燃气在不同氧气浓度条件下的爆炸极限,并以此绘制爆炸极限三元图,得到不同工况条件下"可燃气-氧气-氮气"混合体系的燃爆区域。结果表明:随着氧气浓度的升高,可燃气爆炸上限明显提高,但爆炸下限变化不明显;随温度上升,气相出口组分发生变化,LOC值逐渐降低;正常冷却条件下极限氧含量为12%,冷却效果差时为10%,冷却失效时为9.3%;设置氧浓度报警时参考最小LOC值,留出裕度空间,控制体系氧含量小于5%有助于预防燃爆发生。     

电磁水循环加热方式在稠油开采中的应用

分析了稠油开采过程中螺杆泵传统电缆加热方式的不足,提出新型电磁水循环加热方式,实现了现场安全、节能和环保的提升,且能提高原油日产量。     

近60a来中国洪涝灾情变化趋势持续性和周期性研究

本文利用Hurst指数和小波分析工具对洪涝灾情的1950~2010年的变化动态作了分析,揭示了灾情序列的趋势持续性、特征时间尺度、周期特征和突变点,同时还定性地预测了洪涝灾情的未来走势。研究结果发现:1)根据Hurst指数计算结果,受灾面积时间序列的Hurst指数为0.9338,具有很强的正持续性。未来有进一步增加的趋势。因灾死亡人口数时间序列的Hurst指数为0.4845,具有很弱的反持续性。而房屋倒塌间数时间序列的Hurst指数为0.6124,具有较弱的正持续性,未来有较弱的减少趋势。2)小波分析方法具有较好时空域特性,可以描述洪涝灾害灾情变化的多尺度特征,将隐含在灾情序列中随时间变化的周期震荡显现出来,并确定灾情序列中的突变点位置,为深入探索中国洪涝灾害的时空复杂性提供了全新的理论工具。3)中国洪涝灾害灾情都存在多时间尺度特征,不同的时间尺度表现为不同的循环交替,大尺度的周期变化嵌套着小尺度的周期变化。总体上表现为由小尺度的震荡剧烈,没有明显的规律到大尺度出现明显规律后继续增强或先升后降。4)60 a来,中国洪涝灾害受害面积总体上保持着增加的趋势。在9 a和25 a上分别存在着第1和第2主周期。中国洪涝灾害因灾死亡人口总体上保持着明显减少的趋势。在8 a和18 a上分别存在着第1和第2主周期。中国洪涝灾害倒塌房屋总数总体上保持着减少的趋势。在8 a、17 a和25 a上分别存在着第1、第2和第3主周期。     

环境影响评价中公众参与问题的研究

公众参与作为环境影响评价的重要内容之一,对于公民更好的行使环境保护权利,提高政府的执行力及项目的环境和经济效益具有重要的作用和意义。文章基于《建设项目环境影响评价政府信息公开指南》(试行)、《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》、《环境影响评价公众参与暂行办法》等相关法律法规及技术规范,从公众参与的开展类别、调查范围、调查方式等方面阐述如何开展公众参与工作,以期为今后更好开展公众参与工作提供参考和借鉴。