纳米零价铁硫化改性对印染废水中锑的强化去除机制研究

针对目前印染废水中特征污染物锑难以达标的问题,采用纳米零价铁(nZVI)并对其进行硫化改性(S-nZVI),研究了nZVI在硫化改性前后的除锑性能变化及吸附机理.表征分析显示,硫化改性后形成的FeS_x会使材料形成不规则的、具有复杂形态的FeS_x及FeO_x表面,增大了材料的比表面积;其次,FeS_x可以提高电子的转移效率,促进氧化还原反应的发生,使得少部分Sb(V)被还原为更容易沉淀的Sb(OH)₃或FeSbO₃;同时由于硫元素的存在,形成的无定型态铁氧化物更为稳定,不易向结晶态转变,而无定型态铁氧化物对Sb(V)的吸附效果要远高于结晶态铁氧化物;此外,锑也可以与硫元素结合形成稳定的锑硫化合物而从废水中去除.实验结果表明,投加量为60 mg·L^-1的S-nZVI能够使初始浓度为200μg·L^-1 Sb(V)的模拟印染废水和实际印染废水中总锑浓度处理至排放标准(<50μg·L^-1),体现出S...     

青岛近海不同天气下生物气溶胶中细菌浓度及存活率分布特征

细菌是大气生物气溶胶中最丰富、分布最广的微生物.利用FA-1撞击式生物采样器连续采集了2020年9月至2021年8月青岛近海大气生物气溶胶分级样品,并利用BacLight^TM试剂染色-荧光显微镜计数方法测定了死/活细菌浓度,分析其浓度与粒径的季节分布特征,并研究了雾、霾和沙尘等特殊天气对细菌浓度及粒径分布的影响.结果表明,采样期间青岛近海生物气溶胶中细菌浓度为(1.06±0.68)×10⁵ cells·m^-3,其中活细菌和死细菌浓度分别为(8.20±4.88)×10³ cells·m^-3和(9.74±6.72)×10⁴ cells·m^-3.细菌浓度分布具有季节差异,死细菌浓度春季、冬季最高,夏季最低;活细菌浓度则变现为春季最高,夏季和秋季较低,冬季最低.生物气溶胶中细菌浓度随月份存在变化,死细菌月均浓度最高值和最低值分别出现在2021年春季3月和夏季6月,而活细菌月均浓度最高值则出现在2021年春季5月,最低值在2020年冬季12月....     

长三角地区2017～2020年臭氧浓度时空分布与人群健康效益评估

近年来,我国臭氧(O₃)浓度呈升高趋势,成为仅次于PM_2.5影响空气质量的重要因素.为掌握长三角地区蓝天保卫战实施期间O₃时空变化特征和人群健康影响,采用莫兰指数和冷热点空间统计方法分析了长三角地区2017～2020年210个监测站点O₃浓度时空特征,并利用健康风险和环境价值评价法评估了长三角区域人群O₃暴露水平变化的健康收益.结果表明,2017～2020年,长三角地区O₃年均值和暖季均值的四分位数范围(IQR)呈现从高浓度向低浓度位移的趋势.暖季和冷季O₃浓度均值均呈现北高南低的空间分布态势.暖季O₃浓度均值在长三角北部和中部腹地城市出现高浓度O₃集聚的特征.区域O₃年均暴露浓度超过160μg·m^-3及以上的人口比例由2017年的72.3%降低至2020年的34.8%.三省一市人口加权年均O₃暴露浓度总体呈现下降趋势,但长三...     

Data quality evaluation and calibration of on-road remote sensing systems based on exhaust plumes

In recent years, with rapid increases in the number of vehicles in China, the contribution of vehicle exhaust emissions to air pollution has become increasingly prominent. To achieve the precise control of emissions, on-road remote sensing (RS) technology has been developed and applied for law enforcement and supervision. However, data quality is still an existing issue affecting the development and application of RS. In this study, the RS data from a cross-road RS system used at a single site (from 2012 to 2015) were collected, the data screening process was reviewed, the issues with data quality were summarized, a new method of data screening and calibration was proposed, and the effectiveness of the improved data quality control methods was finally evaluated. The results showed that this method reduces the skewness and kurtosis of the data distribution by up to nearly 67%, which restores the actual characteristics of exhaust diffusion and is conducive to the identification of actual clean and high-emission vehicles. The annual variability of emission factors of nitric oxide decreases by 60% – on average – eliminating the annual drift of fleet emissions and improving data reliability.     

Review of the influencing factors of secondary organic aerosol formation and aging mechanism based on photochemical smog chamber simulation methods

The formation and aging mechanism of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and its influencing factors have attracted increasing attention in recent years because of their effects on climate change, atmospheric quality and human health. However, there are still large errors between air quality model simulation results and field observations. The currently undetected components during the formation and aging of SOA due to the limitation of current monitoring techniques and the interactions among multiple SOA formation influencing factors might be the main reasons for the differences. In this paper, we present a detailed review of the complex dynamic physical and chemical processes and the corresponding influencing factors involved in SOA formation and aging. And all these results were mainly based the studies of photochemical smog chamber simulation. Although the properties of precursor volatile organic compounds (VOCs), oxidants (such as OH radicals), and atmospheric environmental factors (such as NO_x, SO₂, NH₃, light intensity, temperature, humidity and seed aerosols) jointly influence the products and yield of SOA, the nucleation and vapor pressure of these products were found to be the most fundamental aspects when interpreting the dynamics of the SOA formation and aging process. The development of techniques for measuring intermediate species in SOA generation processes and the study of SOA generation and aging mechanism in complex systems should be important topics of future SOA research.     

Vertical distributions of tropospheric SO2 based on MAX-DOAS observations: Investigating the impacts of regional transport at different heights in the boundary layer

Information on the vertical distribution of air pollutants is essential for understanding their spatiotemporal evolution underlying urban atmospheric environment. This paper presents the SO₂ profiles based on ground-based Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurements from March 2018 to February 2019 in Hefei, East China. SO₂ decrease rapidly with increasing heights in the warm season, while lifted layers were observed in the cold season, indicating accumulation or long-range transport of SO₂ in different seasons might occur at different heights. The diurnal variations of SO₂ were roughly consistent for all four seasons, exhibiting the minimum at noon and higher values in the morning and late afternoon. Lifted layers of SO₂ were observed in the morning for fall and winter, implying the accumulation or transport of SO₂ in the morning mainly occurred at the top of the boundary layer. The bivariate polar plots showed that weighted SO₂ concentrations in the lower altitude were weakly dependent on wind, but in the middle and upper altitudes, higher weighted SO₂ concentrations were observed under conditions of middle-high wind speed. Concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis suggested that potential sources of SO₂ in spring and summer were local and transported mainly occurred in the lower altitude from southern and eastern areas; while in fall and winter, SO₂ concentrations were deeply affected by long-range transport from northwestern and northern polluted regions in the middle and upper altitudes. Our findings provide new insight into the impacts of regional transport at different heights in the boundary layer on SO₂ pollution.     

建筑物用阻燃型抗爆弹性涂层的研发及其发展趋势分析

针对石化行业爆炸和火灾的风险特点,简要分析了石化行业建筑物抗爆需求和涂层阻燃技术及卤系、磷系、无机、复合阻燃剂的特点,开发了一种阻燃型抗爆弹性涂层,实验结果表明当阻燃剂含量在15％时,涂层材料的放热峰值下降80％,材料燃烧性能可达到B2级,具有优异的阻燃性能.     

液化天然气装卸泄漏扩散模拟研究

针对目前国内LNG槽车装卸采用万向旋转接卸臂+法兰盘接头进行LNG装卸作业,可能出现泄漏的位置为法兰盘接头和万向旋转接头情况,利用有限元仿真软件对LNG装卸时万向旋转接头密封完全失效进行模拟,计算得到泄漏量为1.507 t/h;并针对某接收站采用PHAST软件模拟计算法兰接头全脱、局部破裂及万向旋转接头密封意外失效工况下,LNG泄漏扩散情况,分析得到泄漏孔径、泄漏时间、天气条件对于形成可燃气云尺寸及扩散范围的影响情况,法兰接头完全脱开时泄漏形成气云的最大距离和最大面积为万向旋转接头密封失效泄漏时的12倍和1 000倍。LNG槽车装卸采用法兰盘接头,LNG泄漏可燃气云覆盖面积大,存在巨大爆炸风险,应开展LNG低温干式接头研究,避免LNG装卸接头泄漏爆炸事故发生。     

基于最小数据集的成都平原某区土壤养分综合评价体系的构建

成都平原是我国重要的粮食、蔬菜、水果产地,进行土壤养分综合评价有利于了解区域土壤养分空间分布、丰缺程度,对区内土地的合理利用、养分变化监测具有重要作用。为此,本文基于土壤地球化学数据,通过相关分析、主成分分析、Norm值计算,构建了研究区土壤养分综合评价的最小数据集(MDS),并对比了国内16个MDS土壤养分评价体系。结果表明:研究区土壤pH均值为6.44,有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾达到丰富的样品占比分别为10.67%、40.19%、47.59%、41.89%。研究区土壤养分综合评价的MDS为有机质、全磷、Zn、Co,能够较好反映全数据集对土壤养分综合评价的信息。通过MDS土壤养分评价,研究区土壤养分综合评价指数得分均值为0.578 3,低于0.3的区域面积占比为2.25%,得分高于0.6的区域面积占比为40.49%,土壤肥力较好。在土壤养分评价体系中,有机质和磷(全磷或有效磷)是MDS的重要指标。     

初始浓度分布对一维含水层中溶质运移的影响

为了研究含水层中任意初始浓度分布条件下一维含水层介质中的溶质运移规律,采用对流-弥散方程构建考虑任意初始浓度分布条件下一维含水层介质中溶质运移动力学数学模型,模型采用持续注入示踪剂、瞬时注入示踪剂和脉冲注入示踪剂3种不同的边界条件,数学模型的求解采用格林函数法.并通过开展室内一维砂柱实验进一步验证模型的科学性和适用性.结果表明：初始条件对溶质运移结果的影响不容忽视,新模型能够模拟不同初始条件下的一维溶质运移过程;新模型通过将流速变化处理为线性变化可以用来研究非稳定流条件下溶质运移过程;新模型是前人模型的完善,模型包含3种不同类型的内边界条件和任意的初始条件,新模型也能为地热开发利用提供理论依据.