黄河兰州段城市河道表层沉积物重金属空间分布特征及来源解析

为研究黄河流域城市河道表层沉积物重金属污染特征和来源,以黄河兰州段为研究区,采集46个表层沉积物样品并测定了重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg和Pb的含量.分别采用单因子污染指数(P_i)、地累积指数(I_geo)和沉积物污染指数(SPI)对这8种重金属污染特征和生态风险进行了评估,并利用相关性分析方法(CA)、正定矩阵因子分解法(PMF)和主成分分析/绝对主成分分数法(PCA/APCS)相结合的手段解析了表层沉积物中重金属的来源.结果表明,表层沉积物重金属平均含量除As之外,其余7种重金属的平均含量均高于兰州市和甘肃省土壤元素背景值;空间上,各重金属元素含量高值集中于河道拐弯处;单因子污染指数和地累积指数结果均表明,表层沉积物以Cr污染为主,Cd和Ni污染次之;沉积物污染指数结果表明,重金属生态风险等级为自然-低风险级别.研究区表层沉积物中Cr、Ni、Zn、As、Cd和Pb等重金属的主要来源为工农业混合源、自然源以及工业和交通活动复合源,贡献率分别为77.6%、11.4%和11%.     

ISO26262对电动汽车电磁兼容性的影响

随着化石燃料的逐渐枯竭和尾气排放法规的逐渐严格,电动汽车逐渐得到了市场的认可,但是与此同时,电动汽车的安全和可靠性问题也越来越严峻。汽车功能安全标准ISO 26262对电动汽车的功能安全相关的要求进行了规定。对ISO 26262中对EMC的要求进行了梳理总结,并研究了其与现存EMC标准的关系。最后,提出了电动汽车改进EMC性能的方法和途径,从而更好地符合ISO 26262标准。     

粮食产量预测理论、方法与应用Ⅱ.粮食生产潜力短期预测理论、模型及其应用

粮食生产潜力短期预测结果可以检验粮食中长期生产潜力预测的准确性和为国家提供制定粮食生产战略的科学依据。粮食生产潜力短期预测理论即“趋势-波动理论”,它建立在粮食或作物“现状生产潜力”概念和“天-人-地概念模型”基础上,预测模型为最佳移动步长条件下的多年单产移动平均趋势模型,实际预测时采用系统预测方法。11个研究案例预测的平均误差为0.77％,最大误差为2.99％,预测精度高。本研究初步结论是：粮食生产潜力短期预测理论和模型是科学和实用的。     

粮食产量预测理论、方法与应用Ⅳ.粮食估产理论、模型及其应用

粮食估产的“通道-概率”理论：把属于最近通道的历年来的产量划分为5个气候年型通道,即丰产年、偏丰年、平产年、偏欠年、欠产年;计算产量出现在5个气候年型中的频率作为概率使用,估产年的初始估产值等于预测年各通道内平均产量与概率之积的和;估产值等于初始估产值与气候年型修正参数之积,专家根据当年气候条件和作物长势实时确定修正参数。预报单元为全国、省和县。应用结果表明：国家尺度上不需要修正,省和县级尺度需要气候年型参数修正;预测误差在3％以内;所述估产理论严谨、方法简单,参数少,参数来自原始数据本身和专家经验,易于推广使用。     

粮食产量预测理论、方法与应用Ⅴ.粮食潜力实现率及其评价方法

为说明粮食潜力与估产的关系,定义了“粮食潜力实现率”的概念,它是与粮食潜力预测值相比,当年实际达到或能够达到的百分比,它将潜力值和当年估产值或实际产量结合在一起,可用来评价潜力实际达到的程度,并可反映气候年型。应用结果表明：2010年各省单产和总产潜力平均实现率围绕100％波动,说明科技进步对增产仍然起到支撑作用,而1999-2008年各省单产和总产潜力平均实现率低于100％,说明科技进步对增产作用在减小。因此,粮食潜力实现率可以用来评价粮食增产趋势和科技进步的贡献,其方法实用、误差小。     

Process-based calibration of WRF-Hydro in a mountainous basin in southwestern U.S.

The National Water Model (NWM) will provide the next generation of operational streamflow forecasts across the United States (U.S.) using the WRF-Hydro hydrologic model. In this study, we propose a strategy to calibrate 10 parameters of WRF-Hydro that control runoff generation during floods and snowmelt seasons, and due to baseflow. We focus on the Oak Creek Basin (820 km²), an unregulated mountainous sub-watershed of the Salt and Verde River Basins in Arizona, which are the largest source of water supply for the Phoenix Metropolitan area. We calibrate the model against discharge observations at the outlet in 2008–2011, and validate it at two stream gauging stations in 2012–2016. After bias correcting the precipitation forcings, we sequentially modify the model parameters controlling distinct runoff generation processes in the basin. We find that capturing the deep drainage to the aquifer is crucial to improve the simulation of all processes and that this flux is mainly controlled by the SLOPE parameter. Performance metrics indicate that snowmelt, baseflow, and floods due to winter storms are simulated fairly well, while flood peaks caused by summer thunderstorms are severely underestimated. We suggest the use of spatially variable soil depth to enhance the simulation of these processes. This work supports the ongoing calibration effort of the NWM by testing WRF-Hydro in a watershed with a large variety of runoff mechanisms that are representative of several basins in the southwestern U.S.     

Energy and environmental applications of carbon nanotubes

Energy and environment are major global issues inducing environmental pollution problems. Energy generation from conventional fossil fuels has been identified as the main culprit of environmental quality degradation and environmental pollution. In order to address these issues, nanotechnology plays an essential role in revolutionizing the device applications for energy conversion and storage, environmental monitoring, as well as green engineering of environmental friendly materials. Carbon nanotubes and their hybrid nanocomposites have received immense research attention for their potential applications in various fields due to their unique structural, electronic and mechanical properties. Here, we review the applications of carbon nanotubes (1) in energy conversion and storage such as in solar cells, fuel cells, hydrogen storage, lithium ion batteries and electrochemical supercapacitors, (2) in environmental monitoring and wastewater treatment for the detection and removal of gas pollutants, pathogens, dyes, heavy metals and pesticides and (3) in green nanocomposite design. Integration of carbon nanotubes in solar and fuel cells has increased the energy conversion efficiency of these energy conversion applications, which serve as the future sustainable energy sources. Carbon nanotubes doped with metal hydrides show high hydrogen storage capacity of around 6?wt% as a potential hydrogen storage medium. Carbon nanotubes nanocomposites have exhibited high energy capacity in lithium ion batteries and high specific capacitance in electrochemical supercapacitors, in addition to excellent cycle stability. High sensitivity and selectivity towards the detection of environmental pollutants are demonstrated by carbon nanotubes based sensors, as well as the anticipated potentials of carbon nanotubes as adsorbent to remove environmental pollutants, which show high adsorption capacity and good regeneration capability. Carbon nanotubes are employed as reinforcement material in green nanocomposites, which is advantageous in supplying the desired properties, in addition to the biodegradability. This article presents an overview of the advantages imparted by carbon nanotubes in electrochemical devices of energy applications and green nanocomposites, as well as nanosensor and adsorbent for environmental protection.     

一维可燃气云燃烧与爆炸的数值模拟

碳氢燃料在空气中形成的可燃气云，点火后容易从燃烧发展为爆轰。本文分别用均匀能量释放模型与能量波模型模拟了可燃气云的能量释放；用高精度、高分辨率的ＴＶＤ格式对有限能量释放速率的一维可燃气云的流体力学守恒方程进行了数值求解，给出了流场压力分布曲线，讨论了两种能量释放模型中影响能量释放速率的主要因素。     

液压振动台试验系统中的控制系统集成设计

根据液压振动台试验系统的功能特点,采用Labview软件将液压振动台试验系统的主要控制部件的软、硬件开发和系统集成优化,大大降低了试验系统的人力成本,提高了工作效率,操作简单便捷。     

离子色谱法测定水中硫酸盐质量控制指标研究

运用离子色谱法对硫酸盐的标准样品和实际样品进行研究分析,通过全国多家实验室的大量监测数据,得出了当前常用的精密度及准确度方面质量控制指标的建议值。研究表明：在0．5～230mg／L浓度范围内,标准样品的RSD≤3．0％,RSD’≤7．0％,RE≤±15％。实际样品0．5～210mg／L。RD≤4．0％,加标回收率范围为90％-115％。