高有机负荷冲击对填料型MBR运行性能的影响

针对分散式农村生活污水有机负荷变化明显的特点,研究了填料型厌氧-缺氧-好氧膜生物反应器（A²O-MBR）抗高有机负荷的能力,考察了高有机负荷冲击对污染物去除效果、悬浮和附着污泥性质以及膜污染的影响.结果表明,高负荷冲击期间污染物去除稳定,氨氮去除率在冲击第3d从99.1%下降到78.5%,出水氨氮浓度高于5mg/L,随后去除率恢复至97.6%;悬浮和附着微生物的三磷酸腺苷（ATP）含量增加;附着生物量显著增加;细胞外聚合物（EPS）增加;高有机负荷冲击期间膜污染更严重,膜面污染层EPS含量显著增加;太阳能微动力A²O-MBR系统能减少10%的碳排放.     

西安冬季重污染过程PM2.5理化特征及来源解析

基于单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪（SPAMS）观测数据、颗粒物质量浓度数据和气象要素数据,研究了2017年11月西安市一次重污染过程中细颗粒物的化学组分特征及其成因,并使用正矩阵因子分析法（PMF）对细颗粒进行了来源解析.结果表明,西安市冬季重污染过程中细颗粒物主要类型为有机碳（OC）、元素碳（EC）、混合碳（ECOC）、富钾（K）、钠-钾（Na-K）、有机胺（amine）、矿尘（dust）和重金属（HM）,其主要来源为燃煤（24.9%）,二次（29.3%）,工业（19.3%）,交通（13.3%）,生物质燃烧（5.2%）和扬尘（1.9%）.通过对比分析不同污染过程细颗粒物的理化特征,发现高湿度,低风速的不利气象条件和供暖及工业生产导致的燃煤污染、二次污染,是此次重污染过程的主因.     

UV和UV/H2O2工艺对水中二嗪磷的降解

在低压汞灯（LPUV,253.7nm）光照条件下,研究了过氧化氢（H₂O₂）加入量对二嗪磷降解动力学、产物生成和降解途径的影响规律与作用机理.结果表明,二嗪磷水溶液在单独UV和UV/H₂O₂工艺中的降解反应均符合准一级反应动力学,且反应速率常数（k）随H₂O₂加入量的增加而增大,H₂O₂加入量为0,5,10mg/L时的k分别为0.0234,0.0301,0.0341min-1.在UV光照处理条件下,二嗪磷水溶液中的溶解性有机碳（DOC）随H₂O₂加入量的增加而降低,但其矿化度均相对较低（光照120min时的DOC去除率均低于20%）.此外,UV光照处理时,H₂O₂的加入对二嗪磷光氧化降解产物的种类及生成量均存在显著影响.二嗪磷水溶液单独UV光照处理60min时检出了8种中间/降解产物,但经UV/H₂O₂工艺处理60min时仅检出了6种中间/降解产物,且不同H₂O₂加入量时的光氧化降解产物生成量或浓度及随UV光照处理时间的变化幅度与趋势均存在较大程度的差别.基于二嗪磷及其降解产物的定性、（半）定量分析结果,提出了二嗪磷水溶液在单独UV和UV/H₂O₂工艺中的降解途径与机理.     

溶解性微生物产物在GO/PVDF杂化膜面的污染行为

为了解析溶解性微生物产物（SMP）在GO/PVDF杂化膜面的污染特性,对膜片进行了宏观污染实验,并采用耗散石英微晶天平（QCM-D）从微观角度分析了SMP在自制镀膜芯片上的吸附规律和污染层结构变化.结果表明,GO含量为0.5wt%的膜污染恢复率最高（79.95%）,抗污染能力最强.QCM-D实验发现,GO含量为0wt%镀膜芯片表面SMP吸附量最大,污染较为严重.膜片亲水性越强,吸附频率变化越小,抗污染能力越强.此外,GO含量为0.5wt%镀膜芯片表面的污染物结构比较疏松和柔软,其他膜表面的污染物结构较为坚硬和致密.     

Fe(VI)/CaO2双氧化体系降解水环境中的DMP

研究了高铁酸盐（Fe（VI））/过氧化钙（CaO₂）联合处理对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）的降解性能及机理,分析了共存离子的影响.基于响应面方法中的Box-Behnken实验设计进行了多因素实验,采用二次多项式和逐步回归法拟合了DMP去除率与Fe（VI）投加量、CaO₂投加量和反应时间之间的关系,对实验条件进行了优化分析.结果表明,在初始pH值为中性条件下,Fe（VI）/CaO₂可以有效去除DMP,降解过程符合准一级动力学模型.当Fe（VI）/CaO₂/DMP物质的量比为1.1/4.4/1时,模型预测DMP最大降解率为95.57%,和验证实验得出的降解率90.14%相近,表明该响应面模型具有较好的模拟和预测能力.HCO₃^-和Mg²⁺对DMP的降解有一定抑制作用.自由基清除实验结果显示,羟基自由基（HO·）和超氧自由基（O₂^-·）对DMP的降解具有重要贡献,表明Fe（VI）和CaO₂可形成类芬顿试剂协同降解污染物.DMP的主要降解途径包括酯基水解、侧链氧化和苯环的羟基化;主要降解产物为邻苯二甲酸单甲酯,2,5-二羟基苯甲酸,间苯二甲酸,草酸等.     

Application of interface material and effects of oxygen gradient on the performance of single-chamber sediment microbial fuel cells (SSMFCs)

Single-chamber sediment microbial fuel cells(SSMFCs) have received considerable attention nowadays because of their unique dual-functionality of power generation and enhancement of wastewater treatment performance. Thus, scaling up or upgrading SSMFCs for enhanced and efficient performance is a highly crucial task. Therefore, in order to achieve this goal, an innovative physical technique of using interface layers with four different pore sizes embedded in the middle of SSMFCs was utilized in this study.Experimental results showed that the performance of SSMFCs employing an interface layer was improved regardless of the pore size of the interface material, compared to those without such layers. The use of an interface layer resulted in a positive and significant effect on the performance of SSMFCs because of the effective prevention of oxygen diffusion from the cathode to the anode. Nevertheless, when a smaller pore size interface was utilized, better power performance and COD degradation were observed. A maximum power density of 0.032 mW/m~2 and COD degradation of 47.3% were obtained in the case of an interface pore size of 0.28 μm. The findings in this study are of significance to promote the future practical application of SSMFCs in wastewater treatment plants.     

Highly catalytic activity of Mn/SBA-15 catalysts for toluene combustion improved by adjusting the morphology of supports

Rod-like, hexagonal and fiber-like SBA-15 mesoporous silicas were synthesized to support MnO_x for toluene oxidation. This study showed that the morphology of the supports greatly influenced the catalytic activity in toluene oxidation. MnO_x supported on rod-like SBA-15(R-SBA-15) displayed the best catalytic activity and the conversion at 230°C reached more than 90%, which was higher than the other two catalysts. MnO_x species consisted of coexisting MnO_2 and Mn_2O_3 on the three kinds of SBA-15 samples. Large amounts of Mn_2O_3 species were formed on the surface and high oxygen mobility was obtained on MnO_x supported on R-SBA-15, according to the H_2 temperature programmed reduction(H_2-TPR)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) results. The Mn/R-SBA-15 catalyst with greater amounts of Mn_2O_3 species possessed a large amount of surface lattice oxygen, which accelerated the catalytic reaction rate. Therefore, the surface lattice oxygen and high oxygen mobility were critical factors on the catalytic activity of the Mn/R-SBA-15 catalyst.     

Effect of air masses motion on the rapid change of aerosols in marine atmosphere

The impact of air masses motion on marine aerosol properties was investigated using an on-board single particle mass spectrometer(SPAMS) deployed for the determination of single particle size resolved chemical composition over Southeast China Sea. Two aerosol blooms(E1 and E2) were observed during the cruise. High average particle number count occurred in E1(7320), followed by E2(5850), which was more than 100–150 times of the average particle number count during normal periods. Particles were classified as four major sources, including continental source, shipping source, marine source, and transport source based on the mass spectral similarity. Transport source was identified as those particles with high particle number count occurred only during aerosol bloom period. Three sub-types of EC-Ca, OC-Ca, and Al-rich were classified as transport source.EC-Ca was the dominant particles of the transport source, accounting for more than 70%of the total particles in aerosol bloom events. A uni-modal size distribution in the size range of 0.1–2.0 μm was observed during normal period, while a bimodal distribution with a tiny mode(0.3 μm) and a coarse mode between 0.4 and 0.6 μm was present during aerosol bloom. The variation of aerosol source is consistent with air masses back trajectories, for the reason that most of the long-range air trajectories are from the ocean,while short air trajectories originate in the continental regions, which means that air masses have a significant impact on the aerosol physical–chemical properties along their tracks.     

电弧离子镀HY11涂层的1200℃高温氧化行为研究

目的研究真空电弧镀方法制备的超高温金属涂层HY11在1200℃下的高温氧化行为。方法用真空电弧镀技术(AIP)在单晶镍基高温合金DD6上制备超高温金属涂层HY11,采用HB 5258循环氧化方法进行1200℃循环氧化试验,通过试验过程中试样质量变化评价涂层氧化寿命。通过扫描电镜(SEM)分析氧化后的试样显微形貌,用X-射线衍射仪分析涂层材料的相结构,通过氧化速率对涂层材料抗氧化性能进行表征。结果采用单靶真空电弧镀技术制备的HY11涂层,经过1050℃真空条件下扩散2h,涂层厚度为50～60?m,扩散区厚度为10～15μm,涂层微观组织均匀致密,涂层合金界面清晰平整。DD6合金的1200℃循环氧化寿命仅仅为4 h,HY11涂层在1200℃的循环氧化寿命近300 h。沉积态涂层HY11相结构主要以Al_2O_3和Ni3Al为主。氧化后涂层材料表面形成的氧化膜以Al_2O_3为主。结论 HY11涂层在1200℃的循环氧化寿命为298 h,极大地提高了DD6合金在1200℃的循环氧化寿命。     

我军"基地化宿营保障系统"建设初探

野营保障在后勤保障领域中地位特殊,是其他保障展开的基础和依托,如何适应现代战争体系作战的要求,实现体系化野营保障,是当今世界军事强国在后勤领域内的研究重点,针对此,通过研究美军"力量提供者系统"、俄军"自主式野战军营系统"和国内"救灾生活系统"等基地化宿营保障系统的研制目标、模块组成和使用情况,并从保障规模设置、功能模块组成、储运条件、保障力量设置与编程和主要运用场景及程序等方面,提出了我军基地化宿营保障系统建设的构想,旨在为提升我军野战条件下宿营保障的质量和效益进行探索。