TRIZ进化理论在粉碎机创新安全设计中的应用

为了准确评价林木生物质粉碎机现有产品的技术水平,预测其研发方向以适应规模化生产的需要,将TRIZ进化理论应用于林木生物质粉碎机创新安全设计中,通过TRIZ理论的S曲线分析明确当前产品的技术水平处于初始期,应加大研发力度,提高系统的有用功能,降低成本和有害功能;改进产品可能的结构状态,在此基础上,提出新产品概念方案。在新产品的开发中,应用TRIZ进化理论有助于企业准确定位现有产品的技术成熟度,预测产品未来的发展趋势,作出科学的研发决策,减少研发周期,提高创新能力。     

MBBR的生物反硝化特性

在讨论生物膜反硝化原理的基础上研究了移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)的生物反硝化特性.在NO-3-N负荷为0.32 kg/(m3·d)条件下,MBBR系统达稳态时的平均生物膜量为33.7 mg/g,生物膜厚为100μm左右;生物膜的COD降解速率为166.5 mg/(g·h),硝氮降解速率为32.1 mg/(g·h).     

Forest biomass accumulation is an important source of acidity to forest soils: Data from Swedish inventories of forests and soils 1955 to 2010

The input of acidity to Swedish forest soils through forestry between 1955 and 2010 is compared with the acid input from atmospheric deposition. Depending on region, input of acidity from forestry was the minor part (25–45%) of the study period’s accumulated acid input but is now the dominating source (140–270 mol_c ha⁻¹ year⁻¹). The net uptake of cations due to the increase in standing forest biomass, ranged between 35 and 45% of the forestry related input of acidity while whole-tree harvesting, introduced in the late 1990s, contributed only marginally (< 2%). The geographical gradient in acid input is reflected in the proportion of acidified soils in Sweden but edaphic properties contribute to variations in acidification sensitivity. It is important to consider the acid input due to increases in standing forest biomass in acidification assessments since it is long-term and quantitatively important.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01540-y.     

基于故障树的生物质气化中毒事故BN-LOPA分析

为降低生物质气化中毒事故的概率,本文提出基于故障树的贝叶斯—保护层复合分析法(BN-LOPA),对生物质气化中毒事故进行风险分析。以辽宁省某气化站为例,通过贝叶斯网络计算出该气化站中毒事故发生概率为1.11×10^-4,基于贝叶斯网络推导出中毒事故基本事件的后验概率,得到导致事故发生的故障节点,并对其设置独立防护层,经推导计算,该气化站的气化中毒事故发生概率可降低至5.35×10^-6,风险等级从7级降至5级。结果表明:该气化站增加独立防护层后,符合安全生产的要求。     

Conserving alpha and beta diversity in wood-production landscapes

International demand for wood and other forest products continues to grow rapidly, and uncertainties remain about how animal communities will respond to intensifying resource extraction associated with woody bioenergy production. We examined changes in alpha and beta diversity of bats, bees, birds, and reptiles across wood production landscapes in the southeastern United States, a biodiversity hotspot that is one of the principal sources of woody biomass globally. We sampled across a spatial gradient of paired forest land-uses (representing pre and postharvest) that allowed us to evaluate biological community changes resulting from several types of biomass harvest. Short-rotation practices and residue removal following clearcuts were associated with reduced alpha diversity (−14.1 and −13.9 species, respectively) and lower beta diversity (i.e., Jaccard dissimilarity) between land-use pairs (0.46 and 0.50, respectively), whereas midrotation thinning increased alpha (+3.5 species) and beta diversity (0.59). Over the course of a stand rotation in a single location, biomass harvesting generally led to less biodiversity. Cross-taxa responses to resource extraction were poorly predicted by alpha diversity: correlations in responses between taxonomic groups were highly variable (−0.2 to 0.4) with large uncertainties. In contrast, beta diversity patterns were highly consistent and predictable across taxa, where correlations in responses between taxonomic groups were all positive (0.05–0.4) with more narrow uncertainties. Beta diversity may, therefore, be a more reliable and information-rich indicator than alpha diversity in understanding animal community response to landscape change. Patterns in beta diversity were primarily driven by turnover instead of species loss or gain, indicating that wood extraction generates habitats that support different biological communities.