Role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the performance of floodplain Phragmites japonica under nutrient stress condition

A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on growth, nutrient uptake, and inoculation effectiveness on Phragmites japonica. Spores of AMF strains (Gigaspora margarita Becker &; Hall) were collected from the commercial product ‘Serakinkon’. Four treatments, namely, natural soil (NS), natural soil inoculated by AM fungi, sterilised soil (SS) inoculated by AM fungi, and SS without AM fungi inoculation were selected to determine the effects of applied and indigenous AMF on P. japonica. The average colonisation level of P. japonica was 24–33%, whereas no colonisation was found in the SS. AMF colonisation increased the chlorophyll content (r?=?0.84, p?r?=?0.89, p?相似文献   

Acute toxicity of benzophenone-type UV filters and paraben preservatives to freshwater planarian,Dugesia japonica

Fourteen benzophenone-type UV filters and four paraben preservatives were selected to examine their acute toxicities on Dugesia japonica. The 48-h LC₅₀ values for planarians exposed to benzophenone-type UV filters can be ranked as oxybenzone?>?mexenone?>?5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzophenone?> 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone?>?2-hydroxybenzophenone?>?dioxybenzone?>?benzophenone?>?2,2′,4,4′-tetrahydroxybenzophenone?>?4-hydroxybenzophenone?> 3-hydroxybenzophenone?>?4,4′-dihydroxybenzophenone?>?2,2′-dihydroxy-4,4′-dimethoxybenzophenone?>?2,3,4-trihydroxybenzophenone?>?sulisobenzone with a range from 0.9 to 145?mg?L^?1 with a similar sequence for the 96?h LC₅₀ values, ranging from 0.5 to 77?mg?L^?1. The 48 and 96?LC₅₀ values for planarians exposed to paraben preservatives can be ranked as butylparaben?>?propylparaben?>?ethylparaben?>?methylparaben. Among all the tested chemicals, oxybenzone was the most toxic and sulisobenzone the least toxic chemical to planarian at each exposure period. Most benzophenone-type UV filters are toxic to aquatic animals with 48?h LC₅₀ values less than 10 mg?L^?1, except for 2,2′-dihydroxy-4,4′-dimethoxybenzophenone, 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzophenone, and sulisobenzone. Because of their common occurrence in aquatic environment, more studies on aquatic toxicities of benzophenone-type UV filters and paraben preservativs are needed to provide important information to adequately assess their ecological risk.     

Acute toxicity of 30 pharmaceutically active compounds to freshwater planarians,Dugesia japonica

Pharmaceutically active compounds are produced worldwide and consumed in large quantities, so these chemicals are frequently detected in limnic environments posing potential ecological risks. Thirty pharmaceutically active compounds were selected for examination of their acute toxicity for freshwater planarians (Dugesia japonica). Among the 30 compounds tested, diclofenac, mefenamic acid, naproxen, propranolol HCl, and diphenhydramine HCl had a 48-h nominal LC₅₀ below10 mg L^?1, and for 18 chemicals, it exceeded 100 mg L^?1. The 96-h nominal LC₅₀ was below 10 mg L^?1 for diclofenac, mefenamic acid, naproxen, propranolol HCl, diltiazem HCl, diphenhydramine HCl, hydroxyzine HCl, and triprolidine HCl, and for 15 chemicals, it exceeded 100 mg L^?1. Among different therapeutic groups, analgesics were most toxic to planarians, and antibiotics were least toxic. Antihistamines and beta blockers varied in their acute toxicity to planarians. At the current environmental levels, none of the tested pharmaceutically active compounds may have acutely harmful impacts on aquatic invertebrates. To answer the question whether chronic, long-term exposure to pharmaceutically active compounds may entail ecological risks for aquatic ecosystems, further investigations with different end points in multiple species tests are needed.     

忍冬--一种新发现的镉超富集植物

镉(Cd)是毒性最强的重金属元素之一,具有稳定、积累和不易消除等特性,进入土壤环境中易被植物吸收,并可通过食物链进入人体,在人体内不断积累,严重威胁人体健康及生命安全。植物修复技术(Phytoremediation)是近年来发展起来的一种主要用于清除土壤重金属污染的绿色生态技术。植物修复技术的核心是找到超富集植物(Hyperaccumulator),但现已知的超富集植物往往存在生物量低、生长缓慢、地域性较强和修复时间较长等缺陷,且研究对象多集中矿区及草本植物,而对木本植物的研究甚少,因此有必要针对这一问题开展相关研究以丰富超富集植物的种类。为此,本文采用水培和土培相结合的试验方法,研究木本植物忍冬Lonicera japonica Thunb.对不同浓度镉(Cd)的生长响应及积累特性。结果表明：不同浓度的Cd处理对忍冬的生长并未造成毒害症状,表现为其根部和地上部生物量与对照相比并无显著差异。无论水培还是土培生长条件下,在较高浓度的Cd处理下,忍冬仍能保持正常生长,表现出很好的耐性。在水培条件下,当营养液中Cd处理浓度为25 mg·L-1时,忍冬地上部中Cd含量接近300.00μg·g-1;而在土培条件下,当土壤中Cd处理浓度为50 mg·kg-1时,其地上部中Cd含量仍远远高于Cd超富集植物的临界含量标准,即地上部分富集Cd超过100μg·g-1,且其具有较高的耐性系数（index of tolerance,IT均超过0.80）和富集系数（bioaccumulation factor,BF均远超过1.00）,这表明忍冬具备了Cd超富集植物的特征,是一种新发现的Cd超富集植物,将其应用于Cd污染土壤修复具有重要的现实意义。     

实验室培养的端足类日本大螯蜚F1代对Cd的急性毒性响应

通过将实验室20℃恒温培养端足类日本大螯蜚(Grandidierella japonica)F1代个体暴露于重金属Cd加标海水中的方法,获取日本大螯蜚1周、2周、3周及4周发育阶段的24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h和10 d的死亡率,并求其各时间的半致死浓度(LC50).实验表明,端足类日本大螯蜚F1代个体对Cd的毒理敏感性较好,但略差于野生自然个体,不同发育阶段半致死浓度不存在很大的差异,2周龄个体最适宜用于毒性检验试验.     

Effect of alginic acid decomposing bacterium on the growth of Laminaria japonica (Phaeophyceae)

We collected the diseased blades of Larninaria japonica from Yantai Sea Farm from October to December 2002, and the alginic acid decomposing bacterium on the diseased blade was isolated and purified, and was identified as A lteromonas espejiana. This bacterium was applied as the causative pathogen to infect the blades of L. japonica under laboratory conditions. The aim of the present study was to identify the effects of the bacterium on the growth of L. japonica, and to find the possibly effective mechanism. Results showed that： （1）The blades of L.japonica exhibited symptoms of lesion,bleaching and deteriortion when infected by the bacterium. and their growth and photosynthesis were dramatically suppressed. At the same time, the reactive oxygen species （ROS） generation enhanced obviously, and the relative membrane permeability increased significantly. The contents of malonaldehyde （MDA） and free fatty acid in the microsomol membrane greatly elevated, but the phospholipid content decreased. Result suggested an obvious peroxidation and deesterrification in the blades of L. japonica when infected by the bacterium. （2） The simultaneous assay on the antioxidant enzyme activities demonstrated that superoxide dismutase （SOD） and catalase （CAT） increased greatly when infected by the bacterium, but glutathione peroxidase （Gpx） and ascorbate peroxidase （APX） did not exhibit active responses to the bacterium throughout the experiment. （3） The histomorphological observations gave a distinctive evidence of the severity of the lesions as well as the relative abundance in the bacterial population on the blades after infection. The bacterium firstly invaded into the endodermis of L. japonica and gathered around there, and then resulted in the membrane damage, cells corruption and ultimately, the death of L. japonica.     

分子全息QSAR方法预测苯衍生物对蝌蚪的急性毒性

采用半静态培养法测定了一系列苯衍生物对蝌蚪的12h致死毒性.应用分子全息QSAR方法构建了化合物的亚结构与毒性之间的定量模型,探讨了分子全息长度、碎片尺寸以及区分常数对模型质量的影响,并检验了模型的稳健性.结果显示,研究的51种苯衍生物的半致死毒性(12h log1 /LC₅₀,mol/L)分布在2.07～4.56之间.最优HQSAR模型以6～7为碎片尺寸,83为全息长度,6个主成分,Leave-One-Out交叉验证的r²_cv是0.849,最终的非交叉验证的拟合模型r² 为0.942 ,表明模型稳健性能良好,可用于预测苯衍生物的毒性.     

籼粳杂种不育突变体91FS育性特征和RAPD及RFLP分析

91FS是一个稳定遗传的籼粳杂种水稻新型不育突变体，育性特征表现为，雌雄配子和受精过程正常，约25%的受精卵发育成胚，约75%的受精卵终止发育，与91FS群体约25%的结实率吻合，而且六代保持不变；91FS的RAPD和RFLP的谱带六代保持稳定和一致，与91FS的杂种性状和育性表达的稳定性也是吻合的；91FS与籼粳杂种可育材料91FM和以91FS为父本的杂交F     

槐树组织培养中超度含水态苗发生与防止的研究

对槐树（Sophorajaponica）花药愈伤组织在培养条件下形成超度含水态苗的条件研究表明：短期培养的愈伤组织及在含有较低ρ（BA）的培养基上多形成正常苗，而经长期培养的愈伤组织及在含有较高ρ（BA）的培养基上产生了大量的超度含水态苗；在MS附加ρ（IAA）0．2mg／L、ρ（BA）5．0mg／L的培养基上，愈伤组织经连续1．5a以上的继代培养后，其表面产生的芽均为超度含水态芽；将这种愈伤组织和超度含水态芽转人含不同浓度和种类植物激素及生长调节剂的培养基后发现：BA和高ρ（KT）明显促进了超度含水态苗的形成；而一定ρ（NAA）和ρ（2，4-D）则显著地促进了正常苗的形成．对培养过程的观察显示：在各种培养基上形成的正常菌中，有一部分是由超度含水态的芽和苗转化而来，即由其顶端或腋生分生组织进一步发育转化而来，而另一些则由愈伤组织上重新产生．     

Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)对日本新糠虾生长、蛋白含量和体内磷酸酶活性的影响

观察了不同浓度(10、20、40和80 μg/L)重金属离子Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)对日本新糠虾存活、蜕皮、蛋白含量和体内磷酸酶(碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶)活性的慢性(30 d)影响.结果显示:(1)Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)能明显降低糠虾存活率,金属离子浓度增高,存活率降低,其中Cu~(2+)引起的存活率降低更为明显,在最高浓度(80 μg/ L)Cu~(2+)组中糠虾的存活率仅为同浓度Zn~(2+)组的1/3,两组均明显低于对照组(P<0.05);Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)能明显降低糠虾蜕皮次数,最高浓度(80 μg/ L)Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)中糠虾的蜕皮数分别为11.00±1.73(次)和11.33±0.58(次),分别约为对照组的55.92%和57.6%.(2)Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)均能明显影响糠虾蛋白含量,其中Cu~(2+)的影响力更强,最高浓度(80 μg/ L)Cu~(2+)组糠虾体内蛋白白含量占湿重比为9.78%,仅约为对照组的1/2.(3)Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)能明显抑制糠虾体内两种磷酸酶的活力,碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶活力能作为糠虾监测环境重金属污染(Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+))的检测指标.