Analysis of Damaging Hydrogeological Events: The Case of the Calabria Region (Southern Italy)

A period of bad weather conditions due to prolonged intense rainfall and strong winds can trigger landslides, floods, secondary floods (accumulation of rain on surfaces with low permeability), and sea storms, causing damage to humans and infrastructure. As a whole, these periods of bad weather and triggered phenomena can be defined as damaging hydrogeological events (DHEs). We define a methodological approach based on seven simple indexes to analyze such events. The indexes describe the return period (T) and trend of rainfall, the extent of hit areas, and the level of damages; they can be considered attributes of georeferenced features and analyzed with GIS techniques. We tested our method in an Italian region frequently hit by DHEs. In a period of 10 years, 747 damaging phenomena (landslides, 43%; floods, 38%) and 94 DHEs have been classified. The road network and housing areas are the most frequently damaged elements, threatened by all types of damaging phenomena. T classes are almost in accordance with the level of damage. These results can be used to outline warning levels for civil protection purposes, to forecast the areas most likely to be hit and the potential ensuing damage, to disseminate information concerning vulnerable areas, and to increase people’s awareness of risk.     

Effect of Rainfall Regime and Slope on Runoff in a Gullied Loess Region on the Loess Plateau in China

Runoff was measured from seven plots with different slopes nested in Tuanshangou catchment on the Loess Plateau to study effect of slopes on runoff in relation to rainfall regimes. Based on nine years of field observation and K-mean clusters, 84 rainfall events were grouped into three rainfall regimes. Rainfall regime A is the group of events with strong rainfall intensity, high frequency, and short duration. Rainfall regime C consists of events with low intensity, long duration, and infrequent occurrence. Rainfall regime B is the aggregation of events of medium intensity and medium duration, and less frequent occurrence. The following results were found: (1) Different from traditional studies, runoff coefficient neither decreased nor increased, but presented peak value on the slope surfaces; (2) For individual plot, runoff coefficients induced by rainfall regime A were the highest, and those induced by rainfall regime C were the lowest; Downslope, the runoff coefficients induced by three rainfall regimes presented the same changing trend, although the peak value induced by regime A occurred on a shorter slope length compared to those by regime B and C; (3) Scale effect on runoff induced by rainfall regime A was the least, and that induced by rainfall regime C was the largest. These results can be explained by the interactions of crusting, soil moisture content, slope length and gradient, and erosion units, etc., in the context of different rainfall regimes.     

北京铁路局降雨量远程实时监测系统的研究与开发——系统软件及性能指标

为北京铁路局各级防洪指挥部门 ,在汛期能够实时掌握所辖铁路范围内的降雨量情况 ,实现主动防洪 ,并做好铁路抗洪抢险准备工作 ,确保汛期铁路行车安全 ,笔者研究和开发了北京铁路局“降雨量远程实时监测系统”。概要介绍了系统软件的运行环境、数据库设计、系统功能以及系统达到的技术性能指标 ;重点分析了系统软件中数据的传输 ,以地理信息系统为平台的实时动态显示以及实时数据在Internet网上的发布技术 ;同时给出了系统在北京铁路局的应用案例     

北京铁路局降雨量远程实时监测系统的研究与开发——系统结构及硬件

为北京铁路局各级防洪指挥部门在汛期能够实时掌握所辖铁路范围内的降雨量情况 ,实现主动防洪 ,并做好铁路抗洪抢险准备工作 ,确保汛期铁路行车安全 ,研究开发了北京铁路局“降雨量远程实时监测系统”。笔者介绍了系统的功能结构 ,重点分析了用于降雨量数据采集、传输的单片机雨量计、工业数据传输硬件设备技术 ,数据通讯协议以及网络通讯技术     

渭河沉积物的磁学特征及其对降雨量的响应

沉积物中的磁性矿物对气候环境变化敏感响应。渭河WH1617剖面沉积物进行全面系统的磁性特征分析表明,沉积物中的磁性矿物含量相对较低,主要载磁矿物为磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿,同时含有赤铁矿,磁晶粒以多畴为主。非磁滞剩磁磁化率与饱和等温剩磁的比值(χ_(ARM)/SIRM)与降雨量呈现较好的正相关性,进一步分析表明χ_(ARM)/SIRM可作为代用指标用来揭示渭河流域1957～2010年以来的降水量变化。其中,1957～1969年,χ_(ARM)/SIRM值减小,表明磁性矿物粒径变粗,降雨量递减;1969～1985年,χ_(ARM)/SIRM值递增,表明磁性矿物粒径变细,降雨量递增; 1985～1995年,χ_(ARM)/SIRM值减小,磁性矿物粒径变粗,降雨量相对减少; 1995～2010年,χ_(ARM)/SIRM值递增,磁性矿物粒径变细,降雨量波动递增,但增幅不大。通过morlet小波分析表明渭河流域近现代降雨量存在8 a和19 a的主周期变化,χ_(ARM)/SIRM存在8 a和16 a的主周期变化,两者的周期变化特征较为一致,进一步表明χ_(ARM)/SIRM在渭河沉积物中作为降水代用指标的有效性。     

对大气气溶胶降尘与降雨相关性分析的探讨

为了了解大气气溶胶降尘与降水的关系,本文通过对例行监测数据进行统计整理,并进行相关性检验分析,得出大气气溶胶降尘与降水pH值具有一定的相关性,且呈正相关,降水pH值与降雨量、降尘与降雨量之间则无相关性。     

用马尔可夫链模型预测宁南山区旱情

宁南山区干旱频繁,严重影响农业生产。根据固原气象站35年(1957～1991)雨量资料,应用马尔可失链模型预测了该区1992～1996年的雨量与旱情趋势。结果表明,今后五年将出现三年春夏旱、二年正常,秋季有四年正常、一年多雨;预测的1992年4～6月和6～9月的干旱等级值与实际完全相符。该模型预测结果有较高可信度,对该区农业生产有参考价值。     

降雨-径流过程中土壤表层磷迁移过程的模拟研究

以人工降雨的方法，对巢湖边旱作表层土壤在降雨后所产生的磷迁移过程进行了研究，结果表明：在两种雨强植（70mm和35mm）90min内模拟的降雨过程中，供试的土壤产生两种径流模式：表面径流和土壤内部培中流，降雨强度大，表面径流和壤中流始流时间早，水流量和深度相应高，累积输出也多，相同雨强下，农田作物的覆盖作用胡促进壤中流，减缓表面流，但对始流时间的影响不大，4种模拟土类型的表面径流累积输出的大小顺序为：BN70（降雨量70mm，盖度为0）＞BC70（降雨量70mm，盖度为80％）＞BN35（降雨量35mm，盖度为０）＞ＢＣ３５（降雨量７０mm，盖度为０）＞ＢＣ７０（降雨量７０mm，盖度为８０％）＞ＢＮ３５（降雨量３５mm，盖度为０）＞ＢＣ３５（降雨量35mm,盖度为８０％），培中流的量序为：ＹＣ７０＞ＹＮ７０＞ＹＣ３５＞ＹＮ３５，裸露土壤的总磷浓度曲线呈波浪状递减，作物覆盖土壤则呈均匀缓慢的递减趋势，土壤物理结构和作特特征对溶解性总磷的变化趋势起主导作用，在中到大雨条件下，壤中累积输出的径流量都低于表面流，差幅决定于土培表层界面特征，表面径流中的磷迁移量是土壤中流的３－４倍。     

2009年广州能见度变化规律及主要影响因素分析

通过对2009年的广州大气能见度和影响因素的数据资料统计,结合定性分析、相关性计算及各时间尺度中物理量的相互作用过程研究,得出能见度的变化规律和各因素的相关性特征。结果表明,2009年整体能见度水平略有提高;24h的降雨量、气温差值较大时,该日的能见度小时均值波动较大;风速、相对湿度与中尺度(24h)能见度的相关性较强;降雨量、气温对小尺度(1h、5min)能见度影响显著;相对湿度水平能制约风速对能见度的改善作用。灰霾现象等与能见度水平密切相关。     

Rainfall Response of Degraded Soil Following Reforestation in the Copper Basin, Tennessee, USA

2 Copper Basin in southeastern Tennessee became the site of increasingly extensive and successful reforestation efforts. To determine the effectiveness of more than 50 years of reforestation efforts, we compared rainfall infiltration, sediment detachment, and soil organic matter of reforested sites to those properties of unvegetated sites and forested reference sites outside the basin. Results of 54 rainfall simulation experiments conducted in zones of the basin known to have been planted during different decades demonstrate that hydrologic recovery of soils in the Copper Basin lags significantly behind the establishment of tree cover and the protection offered by vegetation against soil erosion. Soils in new “forests” have significantly less organic matter and lower infiltration than forests more than 50 years old. The long-term persistence of low infiltration rates serves as a reminder that, at sites where the A and B soil horizons have been lost, restoration of the hydrologic function of a landscape requires decades, at least.