UNCCD与《中华人民共和国防沙治沙法》比较研究

文章选取了《联合国防治荒漠化公约》和《中华人民共和国防沙治沙法》作为比较对象,从立法背景、性质、基本结构、基本内容等角度对二者进行了比较,并指出了二者的特有之处。从而分析国内法律和国际法律的不同,并提供了我国防治沙漠化中如何借鉴好的做法,并结合自身的实际情况加以吸收的途径。     

杂散电流下新型阻锈剂对混凝土中氯离子扩散的影响

目的探寻混凝土在杂散电流和氯离子耦合作用下的腐蚀规律,研究新型阻锈剂的阻锈性能。方法运用电通量法和RCM法,对20 V杂散电流作用下,混凝土的抗氯离子渗透性能进行表征,设置空白组对照实验,对添加阻锈剂后,混凝土的抗氯离子渗透性能进行效果评价。结果在杂散电流和氯离子的共同作用下,混凝土结构腐蚀的倾向将变大,并且会加速腐蚀反应的进行。混凝土结构在通电48 h后,其电通量高达5778.67 C。与空白组相比,添加阻锈剂混凝土试块的氯离子扩散系数下降45.62%。结论添加4%阻锈剂的混凝土试块有着较好的抵抗氯离子渗透的能力。     

PM2.5的健康危害、毒理效应与作用机制的研究

大气颗粒物对人体健康的影响在世界范围内引起关注,尤其是细粒子（PM_2.5,fine particulate matter）因粒径小、成分复杂,对人体健康的影响尤为突出。PM_2.5的毒理效应与作用机制是当前研究的热点,分析其研究现状与存在问题能更好地把握其核心领域并开展更进一步的研究。基于文献检索与分析,系统梳理了PM_2.5危害导致的疾病类型;介绍了PM_2.5毒理研究的主要实验手段;讨论当前认知的PM_2.5毒理效应（包括PM_2.5不同组分、不同来源、不同季节的影响）;汇总PM_2.5毒理作用机制研究方法的原理、特点、检测指标与测定方法,解析目前研究认为的五种主要的PM_2.5毒理作用机制。在分析已有研究成果的基础之上,就PM_2.5毒理实验、方法和研究内容方面存在的不足进行讨论,并提出今后需要重点开展的研究方向,以期为PM_2.5健康危害的准确评估和有效防治提供科学依据。     

微电解技术处理难降解工业废水的研究进展

介绍了铁碳微电解技术处理工业废水的作用机理。综述了铁碳微电解技术的研究进展。针对该技术在处理不同工业废水时普遍存在的堵塞、短路、死角、铁屑结块等问题,介绍了研发的新型纳米铁碳微电解复合材料及新工艺,并对铁碳微电解技术今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

Incentive Structure of and Private Landowner Participation in an Endangered Species Conservation Program

Abstract: In the United States, voluntary incentive programs that aid conservation of plant and wildlife species on private lands provide a structural solution to the problem of protecting endangered species by reducing costs and enhancing benefits to landowners. We explored the potential for incentives to encourage landowners to manage land cover for the benefit of endangered songbirds in central Texas (U.S.A.) by asking landowners to indicate their preferences for financial incentives, technical assistance, and regulatory assurances. We identified owners of potential songbird habitat and collected data in face‐to‐face interviews and self‐administered questionnaires. We used a latent‐class stated‐choice model to identify 3 classes of landowners whose choices varied on the basis of their attitudes and perceived social norms: (1) strong positive attitude, perceived social pressure to participate, and willing to participate with relatively few incentives, (2) weak positive attitude, perceived no social pressure to participate, and required strongest incentives, and (3) negative attitude, perceived social pressure not to enroll, and unwilling to participate regardless of incentive structure. Given this heterogeneity in preferences, conservation incentives may increase management of land cover to benefit endangered species on private lands to some degree; however, exclusive reliance on incentives may be insufficient. Promoting conservation on private lands may be enhanced by integrating incentives into an approach that incorporates other strategies for conservation, including social networks and collaborative processes that reinforce social norms.     

行动导向教学法探讨

行动导向教学法是近年来流行于我国教育领域的一种新教法,它以建构主义为理论基础,回答了什么是知识、如何看待学习者、如何看待学习过程等教育领域中十分重要的基础性问题,对指导各类学校的课程体系、教学方式等方面的改革都有着积极的意义。着眼于教法理论与教学实践的结合,从教学观念、教学流程、教学组织形式以及基本教学方法等四个方面,对行动导向教学法进行了比较全面的论述。     

Alignment between values of dryland pastoralists and conservation needs for small mammals

Policies for conservation outside protected areas, such as those designed to address the decline in Australian mammals, will not result in net improvements unless they address barriers to proenvironmental behavior. We used a mixed‐methods approach to explore potential value‐action gaps (disconnects between values and subsequent action) for small mammal conservation behaviors among pastoralists in dryland Australia. Using semistructured surveys and open‐ended interviews (n = 43), we explored values toward small mammals; uptake of a range of current and intended actions that may provide benefit to small mammals; and potential perceived barriers to their uptake. Pastoralists assigned great conservation value to small mammals; over 80% (n = 36) agreed to strongly agreed that small mammals on their property were important. These values did not translate into stated willingness to engage in voluntary cessation of wild‐dog control (r² = 0.187, p = 0.142, n = 43). However, assigning great conservation value to small mammals was strongly related to stated voluntary willingness to engage in the proenvironmental behavior most likely to result in benefits to small mammals: cat and fox control (r² = 0.558, p = 0.000, n = 43). There was no significant difference between stated voluntarily and incentivized willingness to engage in cat and fox control (p = 0.862, n = 43). The high levels of willingness to engage in voluntary cat and fox control highlight a potential entry point for addressing Australia's mammal declines because the engagement of pastoralists in conservation programs targeting cat and fox control is unlikely to be prevented by attitudinal constraints. Qualitative data suggest there is likely a subpopulation of pastoralists who value small mammals but do not wish to engage in formal conservation programs due to relational barriers with potential implementers. A long‐term commitment to engagement with pastoralists by implementers will thus be necessary for conservation success. On‐property cat and fox control programs that build and leverage trust, shared goals, collaboration, and shared learning experiences between stakeholders and that explicitly recognize the complexity of small mammal dynamics and the property‐level ecological knowledge of pastoralists are more likely to gain traction.     

Agricultural landscapes as multi-scale public good and the role of the Common Agricultural Policy

During the last 50 years, the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has impacted the evolution of European agricultural landscapes by driving changes in land use and farming practices. We propose a typology characterising the scales relevant for agricultural landscapes management and argue that action is required on three scales: (1) a landscape oriented management at the farm level; (2) the coordination of land managers’ actions at the landscape level; and (3) the conservation of the diversity of agricultural landscapes in the EU. We provide evidence that until now the CAP has mainly focused on the first scale. We also illustrate how agricultural policy could encourage coordinated actions at the landscape- and EU-scales. In particular, we propose policy instruments to coordinate actions of individual land owners (e.g. collective bonus in agro-environmental contracts or support to environmental cooperatives (scale 2)). We also analyse how the recognition and transposition of the European Landscape Convention could promote trans-frontier landscape cooperation in order, not only to conserve high-quality rural landscapes, but also to ensure the conservation of the diversity of EU landscapes (scale 3). This paper provides a knowledge base to support an integrated CAP design in the direction of improved landscape management, as an important component of the EU project towards more sustainable agriculture.     

公众参与视角下的邻避行动研究

邻避行动的现有研究通常更关注利益分配是否公正,补偿措施是否到位,政府是否失责等.然而,邻避行动的另一诱发因素来自于利益分配过程中的公众参与.基于这一视角,邻避事件中公众与政府的冲突问题被还原为管理问题,矛盾的纠结点被归纳为各利益相关者之间的互动和沟通问题.通过运用参与式评价工具,对K市垃圾焚烧项目各阶段的公众参与情况进行了实地调查,在此基础上,总结了邻避行动的成因与演变逻辑,制定了公众参与策略.     

Considering agro-ecosystems as ecological funds for collective design: New perspectives for environmental policy

Enhancing agro-ecosystem sustainability raises difficult challenges for environmental policy: it requires both increasing knowledge on these complex systems to design effective solutions and coordinating stakeholders with diverging interests. However, most existing environmental policies consider ecosystems’ desirable properties as given, leading ecosystem managers to favor “turnkey” solutions. How could public policy better support local collective initiatives aiming at reconciling agriculture and the environment? This paper presents an empirical case study from western France, in which a partnership between an agricultural cooperative and an ecological research center resulted in a collective design initiative. We conceptually model this initiative drawing upon recent design theories and Georgescu-Roegen’s ‘fund-flow’ model, defining ‘ecological funds’ as the starting point of a collective design process. The results highlight the importance of developing policy instruments that can better support local innovation processes through greater democratization. Adopting a design approach to sustainable agricultural landscape management could be particularly fruitful in situations where collective action is necessary but where there is no common good recognized as such, and no existing community identified.