北京市典型道路扬尘化学组分特征及年际变化

选择北京市具有代表性道路,于2004年9月和2013年5月进行采样,利用再悬浮设备制备道路扬尘PM₁₀与PM_2.5样品,并进行化学组分分析,建立了2004年和2013年北京市道路扬尘PM₁₀与PM_2.5源成分谱,以分析和探讨北京市道路扬尘化学组分特征及其组分年际变化.结果表明,北京市道路扬尘PM₁₀与PM_2.5源成分谱中的化学组分特征均为Ca、Si、有机碳（organic carbon,OC）、Al、Fe、K、Mg、SO₄^2-和元素碳（element carbon,EC）,其在道路扬尘中的含量之和分别为：2004年PM₁₀为46.7303%、PM_2.5为56.9198%和2013年PM_2.5为38.7478%;占全部被测组分的比例分别为95.9%、94.3%和94.7%.2004年道路扬尘中,环路Si、Al的含量显著低于其他道路类型,受到的土壤风沙尘影响最小;建筑水泥尘特征元素Ca主干道含量最高,高速五环进京口含量最低;EC在高速五环进京口的含量显著高于其他道路类型.而2013年PM_2.5中被测组分总含量及Si、Al、Ca的含量次干道均显著低于其他道路类型.2013年与2004年相比,北京市道路扬尘PM_2.5中除SO₄^2-含量略上升了2.0%外,其余组分含量下降显著,Ca、Si、OC、Al、Fe、K、EC和NO₃^-下降幅度分别为45.1%、31.5%、17.5%、20.3%、55.6%、33.3%、30.0%和50.3%.结果表明,［NO₃^-］/［SO₄^2-］比值不能准确反映固定源和移动源相对贡献大小的变化.［OC］/［EC］比值,2004年PM₁₀为9.77±3.88,PM_2.5为9.36±3.25,2013年PM_2.5为14.41±10.41,北京市道路扬尘存在二次有机碳（secondary organic carbon,SOC）,且SOC是道路扬尘PM₁₀与PM_2.5的重要组成部分.不同城市道路扬尘及同一城市不同粒径的道路扬尘成分谱相似度不高,应建立相应的成分谱并适时更新.     

电驱动道路车辆动力锂离子电池芯试验中的实验室安全和防护

实验室标准化试验的条件远比装车使用严酷得多,在电驱动道路车辆的动力锂离子电池试验的过程中,实验室的安全是不可忽视的问题。基于实践和探索,本文介绍了关于电池芯试验的安全和防护。     

电驱动道路车辆 动力双层电容电气特性试验条件和要求

本文结合国标转化过程和实验室能力验证经历,介绍了电驱动道路车辆动力双层电容电气特性试验条件和要求。供实验室和相关产品的供需双方参考。     

A Random,Roadside Breathalyzer Survey of Alcohol Impaired Driving in Ghana

To ascertain the prevalence and pattern of alcohol impaired driving in an African nation, we conducted a random, roadside, breathalyzer survey of drivers in Ghana. A total of 149 (21%) of 722 drivers tested had a detectable blood alcohol concentration (BAC). In addition, 7.3% of drivers had a BAC ≥ 80 mg/dl. The prevalence of impaired driving (BAC ≥ 80) was higher among private drivers (9.8%) than commercial drivers (6.4%). However, due to a higher volume, the majority (64%) of impaired drivers were commercial drivers. Alcohol use was higher among uneducated (11%) compared to educated drivers (5.4%) and was higher among middle aged drivers (30 - 49 years, 9.1% impaired) compared with younger (< 30 years; 5.0%) or older drivers (≥ 50 years; 0%). Alcohol impaired driving is a significant problem in this African nation. Anti-drunk driving measures should be an important component of road safety efforts. Such measures may need to be different than industrialized nations and will need to target less educated drivers, middle aged drivers, and commercial drivers.     

A New Concept for Air Quality Modelling in Street Canyons

We present an analytical model that predicts concentrations in street canyons assuming a uniform distribution within a street, dimensioned by its length and width and the height of the surrounding built-up area. Using the Prandtl-Taylor hypothesis, the concentration in the street is determined from a mass flux balance between a horizontal advective flux, a turbulent diffusive vertical flux and a continuous road transport emission source. The model does not necessarily assume re-circulation of the flow in the street canyon, but rather considers the turbulent intermittency in the shear layer shed from the upwind roof level as the driving force. This concept is in agreement with recent measurements and observations. The model has been applied to compute benzene concentrations based on hourly emissions obtained for 1963 streets and road segments in the City of Antwerp, Belgium. The results are compared with diffusive sampler measurements carried out at 101 locations in several streets of Antwerp, during 4 periods of 5 days in 1998. When averaged over periods of 5 days, the calculated benzene concentrations show a very good agreement with the results obtained by the diffusive sampler measurements.     

城市道路交通可持续发展模式及其评价

首先在已建立的城市道路交通系统可持续发展评价指标体系的基础上提出了两种交通规划模式，即供需平衡模式和环保模式，然后讨论了基于这两种模式的规划方案的具体生成方法，最后，给出了各种发展模式自动评价系统的实现过程。     

城市道路交通安全GIS系统的研究

GIS系统是有效提高城市道路交通安全管理的水平 ,减少事故的发生 ,使事故对道路通行的影响最小化 ,并有效合理分配交通流的重要手段。笔者在研究城市道路交通安全GIS系统的基础上 ,讨论了数据的来源、专题信息图层的构建 ;提出了系统开发的主要技术 ;介绍了道路交通安全信息的采集、查询和更新 ,交通事故信息的分析与预测 ,交通事故管理等功能 ;并提出了基于道路交通安全GIS系统事故管理的一些新方法。     

高温气冷堆新燃料运输事故频率分析

商用高温气冷堆核电站是中国未来可能发展的第四代核电站,其新燃料元件和运输容器有显著的特点.探索了将概率安全评价(PSA)方法引入放射性物品运输的辐射风险评价中,首先用故障树方法分析了高温气冷堆新燃料元件公路运输的潜在事故频率,经过事故情景分析、力学分析和临界分析,选择了货包辐射水平升高和临界两种潜在事故予以分析.结果表明,货包辐射水平升高的事故频率很低;临界事故的频率极低,在后续的风险评价中可忽略.     

北京市交通扬尘PM2.5排放清单及空间分布特征

为建立一种自下而上的交通扬尘PM_2.5排放清单方法,对北京市不同区域、不同类型道路的路面积尘负荷进行了采样和实验室分析,对各类路网的道路车流量和车辆类型进行了调查和统计,建立了北京市道路交通扬尘PM_2.5排放清单,并对其空间分布进行了分析. 结果表明:北京市城区快速路、主干道、次干道、支路和胡同的交通扬尘PM_2.5排放因子分别为(0.05±0.03)(0.09±0.05)(0.11±0.05)(0.16±0.14)和(0.27±0.20)g/(km·辆),相应各类型道路的交通扬尘PM_2.5排放强度分别为(7.21±4.66)(5.27±3.03)(3.34±1.49)(2.84±2.49)和(0.54±0.40)kg/(km·d);郊区高速路、国道、省道、县道、乡道和城市道路的交通扬尘PM_2.5排放因子分别为(0.10±0.03)(0.50±0.33)(0.39±0.37)(0.41±0.41)和(0.65±0.31)(0.19±0.08)g/(km·辆),各类型道路交通扬尘的PM_2.5排放强度分别为(3.82±1.31)(10.00±6.58)(3.93±3.74)(1.64±1.63)(0.65±0.31)和(0.74±0.32)kg/(km·d). 北京市道路交通扬尘PM_2.5的年排放量为13 565 t,从空间分布上看,郊区交通扬尘PM_2.5年排放量、单位道路长度排放量以及排放因子均高于市区,而城区单位行政区面积的交通扬尘PM_2.5排放量高于远郊区县. 从交通扬尘PM_2.5排放的空间分布特征看,在继续加强城区交通扬尘控制的同时,应采取措施控制远郊区县公路的扬尘排放. 自下而上的交通扬尘PM_2.5排放清单提高了排放的时空分辨率,能够识别路网中高排放的区域和路段,为交通扬尘总量管理和减排目标考核提供了一种技术手段.      

Mortality from road traffic accidents in a rapidly urbanizing Chinese city: A 20-year analysis in Shenzhen, 1994–2013

Objective: This study aimed to describe the trends of motorization and mortality rates from road traffic accidents and examine their associations in a rapidly urbanizing city in China, Shenzhen.

Methods: Using data from the Shenzhen Deaths Registry between 1994 and 2013, we calculated the annual mortality rates of road traffic accidents, in addition to the age- and sex-specific mortality rates and their annual percentage changes (APCs) for the period of 2000–2013. We also examined the associations between mortality rate of road traffic accidents and traffic growth with Spearman's rank correlation analysis and a log-linear model derived from Smeed's law.

Results: A total of 20,196 deaths due to road traffic accidents, including 14,391 (71.3%) male deaths and 5,805 (28.7%) female deaths, were recorded in Shenzhen from 1994 to 2013. The annual mortality rates in terms of deaths per population and deaths per vehicle changed in similar patterns, demonstrating an increase since 1994 and peaking in 1997, followed by a steady decrease thereafter. The decrease in mortality was faster in individuals aged 20 year or older compared to those younger than 20 years. The mortality rates in term of deaths per population were positively correlated with the total number of vehicles per kilometer of road but negatively correlated with the motorization rate in term of vehicles per population. The estimated model for deaths due to road traffic accidents in relation to the total population and the number of registered vehicles was ln (deaths/10,000 vehicles) = ?1.902 × ln (vehicles/population) ? 1.961. The coefficient was statistically significant (P < .001) and the coefficient of determination was 0.966, indicating a good model fit.

Conclusions: We described a generally decreasing trend in the mortality rates of road traffic accidents in a rapidly urbanizing Chinese city based observations in the 20-year period from 1994 to 2013. The decreased mortality rate may be explained by the expansion of road network construction, improved road safety regulations and management, as well as more accessible ambulance services in recent years. Nevertheless, road traffic accidents remain a universal problem of great public health concern in the whole population.