基于GH-B强度准则的节理岩质边坡稳定性分析

在岩质边坡工程数值模拟计算分析中,其难题之一就是如何较准确地确定岩体强度参数,而边坡岩体抗剪强度是影响计算分析成果的控制因素,也是支护设计成败的关键所在。采用GH-B强度准则对深水河大桥4号桥墩边坡进行了稳定性分析,同时与采用M-C强度准则的模拟结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:GH-B强度准则采用基于应力水平的塑性流动法则,更好地体现了节理岩体的变形和破坏机理,可有效反映岩体的非线性破坏特征,更加接近于工程实际,适于节理岩体的强度计算及稳定性分析。     

Inorganic nitrogen removal of toilet wastewater with an airlift external circulation membrane bioreactor

Removal of inorganic nitrogen (inorganic-N) from toilet wastewater, using a pilot-scale airlift external circulation membrane bioreactor (AEC-MBR) was studied. The results showed that the use of AEC-MBR with limited addition of alkaline reagents and volumetric loading rates of inorganic-N of 0.19-0.40 kg inorganic-N/(m3·d) helped achieve the desired nitrification and denitrification. Furthermore, the effects of pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) on inorganic-N removal were examined. Under the condition of MLSS at 1.56-2.35 g/L, BOD5/ammonia nitrogen (NH/-N) at 1.0, pH at 7.0-7.5, and DO at 1.0-2.0 mg/L, the removal efficiencies of NH4 -N and inorganic-N were 91.5% and 70.0%, respectively, in the AEC-MBR. The cost of addition of alkaline reagent was approximately 0.5-1.5 RMB yuan/m3, and the energy consumption was approximately 0.72 kWh/m3 at the flux of 8 L/(m2·h).     

Organic matter and concentrated nitrogen removal by shortcut nitrification and denitrification from mature municipal landfill leachate

An UASB＋Anoxic/Oxic （A/O） system was introduced to treat a mature landfill leachate with low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and high ammonia concentration. To make the best use of the biodegradable COD in the leaehate, the denitrifieation of NOx^--N in the reeireulation effluent from the elarifier was carried out in the UASB. The results showed that most biodegradable organic matters were removed by the denitrifieation in the UASB. The NH4^＋-N loading rate （ALR） of A/O reactor and operational temperature was 0.28- 0.60 kg NH4^＋-N/（m^3-d） and 17-29℃ during experimental period, respectively. The short-cut nitrification with nitrite accumulation efficiency of 90%-99% was stabilized during the whole experiment. The NH4^＋-N removal efficiency varied between 90% and 100%. When ALR was less than 0.45 kg NH4^＋-N/（m^3.d）, the NH4^＋-N removal efficiency was more than 98%. With the influent NH4^＋-N of 1200-1800 mg/L, the effluent NH4^＋-N was less than 15 mg/L. The shortcut nitrification and denitrifieation can save 40% carbon source, with a highly efficient denitrifieation taking place in the UASB. When the ratio of the feed COD to feed NH4^＋-N was only 2-3, the total inorganic nitrogen （TIN） removal efficiency attained 67%-80%. Besides, the sludge samples from A/O reactor were analyzed using FISH. The FISH analysis revealed that ammonia oxidation bacteria （AOB） accounted for 4% of the total eubaeterial population, whereas nitrite oxidation bacteria （NOB） accounted only for 0.2% of the total eubaeterial population.     

2008年南黄海西部浒苔暴发区有机碳的分布特征及浮游植物的固碳强度

根据2008-08-09～2008-08-13在南黄海西部绿潮(浒苔)暴发区取得的溶解有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)和颗粒氮(PN)的分析数据,结合同步获得的水文环境要素资料,研究了该区域有机碳的分布特征、来源、影响因素以及浮游植物的固碳强度.结果表明,DOC的浓度范围为1.55～3.22mg/L,平均值为2.44mg/L;POC的浓度范围为0.11～0.68mg/L,平均值为0.27mg/L.DOC与POC的分布特征基本一致,呈现近岸高,外海低;表层高,底层低的趋势.POC与TSS的相关分析表明,POC与TSS整体上呈显著正相关,表明TSS的浓度和来源是控制POC浓度高低的重要因素.通过建立POC与PN的一元线性回归模型,估算了样品中PIN的含量.扣除样品中PIN的影响后,沿岸大部分海域POC/PON的平均值8,结合POC/Chl-a比值,表明沿岸海域POC主要是海洋有机质来源,并且存在降解有机物,这可能是调查期间处于绿潮暴发后期,部分浒苔开始腐烂被降解所致.应用初级生产力估算的浮游植物固碳强度的结果表明,南黄海西部绿潮(浒苔)暴发区浮游植物的固碳强度变化范围为167～2017mg/(m2·d),平均为730mg/(m2·d),该区域日固碳量达到2.95×104t.换算至整个黄海,日固碳量为28.03×104t.     

辽河口湿地沉积物硝化细菌及硝化作用研究

2009年6月和8月,采用现场培养和实验室模拟培养相结合的方法对辽河口湿地表层沉积物硝化细菌数量、硝化速率及影响因素进行了研究.结果表明,辽河口湿地表层沉积物氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)数量6月在0.54×104～5.69×104个.g-1之间,平均值为(2.21±2.32)×104个.g-1,8月在1.90×104～7.90×104个.g-1之间,平均值为(3.61±2.87)×104个.g-1;沉积物潜在硝化速率6月在9.72～16.45 mmol.(m2.h)-1之间,平均值为(12.54±3.14)mmol.(m2.h)-1,8月在14.66～24.62 mmol.(m2.h)-1之间,平均值为(18.71±4.21)mmol.(m2.h)-1;净硝化作用速率6月(S1站)为0.41 mmol.(m2.h)-1,8月在0.20～0.53 mmol.(m2.h)-1之间,平均值为(0.35±0.16)mmol.(m2.h)-1.潜在硝化速率显著高于净硝化速率,AOB数量、净硝化作用速率和潜在硝化作用速率均表现为8月高于6月,芦苇根际效应对硝化作用有促进作用.通过SPSS 13.0软件统计分析,表明影响辽河口湿地表层沉积物硝化作用的主要环境因子有上覆水NH 4+-N浓度和沉积物pH、有机质、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、NH 4+-N含量以及AOB数量(p0.05),其中上覆水NH 4+-N浓度和沉积物总磷(TP)、NH 4+-N含量对硝化作用影响较大,是辽河口湿地硝化作用影响的关键因素.根据研究结果估算辽河口湿地沉积物硝化作用每天可以将1.14×105kg的NH 4+-N转化为NO 3--N,对河口湿地氮的循环具有重要意义.     

江西省陆地生态系统氮平衡的时空分布规律研究

利用系统物质平衡模型,对1995-2005年江西省陆地生态系统的N收支平衡进行了核算,并分析了不同来源N收支量的时间序列特征以及N盈余强度的空间分布特征,探讨了自然灾害和政策实施对N平衡的影响.结果表明:江西省陆地生态系统的N输入量变化范围是(155.5-184.2)×107kg·a-1,平均值为168.5 ×107 ...     

两类微生物燃料电池治理硝酸盐废水的实验研究

采用二氧化铅阴极单室微生物燃料电池(MFC)和双室MFC,以葡萄糖为唯一电子供体,系统研究了两类微生物燃料电池的产电性能和去除硝酸盐的情况.结果表明,双室MFC闭合后,阳极室降解葡萄糖产生的电子可通过外电路传递到阴极,在生物的作用下,NO3--N得到电子被还原,平均反硝化速率达3.77 mg·L-1·d-1.双室MFC...     

Impacts of wastewater sludge amendments in restoring nitrogen cycle in p-nitrophenol contaminated soil

The possible impacts on nitrogen-cycle in a p-nitrophenol (PNP) polluted soil and the e ectiveness of wastewater sludge amendments in restoring nitrification potential and urease activity were evaluated by an incubation study. The results indicated that PNP at 250 mg/kg soil inhibited urease activity, nitrification potential, arginine ammonification rate and heterotrophic bacteria counts to some extents. After exposure to PNP, the nitrification potential of the tested soil was dramatically reduced to zero over a period of 30 days. Based on the findings, nitrification potential was postulated as a simple biochemical indicator for PNP pollution in soils. Nitrogen-cycling processes in soils responded positively to the applications of wastewater sludges. A sludge application rate of 200 tons/ha was su cient for successful biostimulation of these nitrogen processes. The microbial activities in sludge-amended, heavy PNP-polluted soils seemed to recover after 30–45 days, indicating the e ectiveness of sludge as a useful soil amendment.     

建筑能耗与碳排放的系统计量

与建筑相关的能源消耗和温室气体排放在总能源消耗和人为温室气体排放中占有很高的比例。IPCC(政府间气候变化专门委员会)报告指出,建筑部门在2004年造成了全球近30%的二氧化碳排放。美国能源信息署(EIA)则认为,2007年全球能源消耗中约有29%与建筑相关。对中国而言,与建筑相关的能源消耗约占全国商品     

曝气强度对膜生物反应器处理石化废水工艺运行特征的影响

采用膜生物反应器(Membrane Bioreactor,MBR)处理石化废水,研究曝气强度分别为1.50,3.00 m3/(m2·h)的条件下,MBR对石化废水中主要污染物的去除特征、跨膜压差(Trans Membrane Pressure,TMP)和混合液性质的变化特征。结果表明:在两种曝气强度条件下MBR对COD、NH+4-N及挥发酚等污染物的平均去除率分别为80.74%、80.23%、96.79%和97.55%、99.34%、98.84%,即在不同曝气条件下,曝气强度的变化对MBR的污染物去除性能无显著影响。但随着曝气强度由1.50 m3/(m2·h)增加到3.00 m3/(m2·h),MBR达到设定的最大跨膜压差(TMPMax=25k Pa)的运行时间由11.8 d增加到31.4 d,TMP上升速率降低。通过活性污泥颗粒粒径分析发现:增加曝气强度后,对膜污染影响显著的活性污泥颗粒粒径范围(0~2μm)所占体积比由2.10%减小到1.78%;并且混合液中溶解性微生物产物(soluble microbial product,SMP)和胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substance,EPS)质量浓度分别由24.07 mg/L和15.66 mg/g减小到15.14 mg/L和9.81 mg/g,从而降低了膜污染速率。