Three-dimensional eutrophication model and application to Taihu Lake, China

Taihu Lake, the largest freshwater shallow lake in eastern China, has suffered from severe eutrophication over the past two decades. This research developed a three-dimensional eutrophication model to investigate the eutrophication dynamics. The model fully coupled the biological processes and hydrodynamics, and also took into account the effects of sediment release and the external loads from the tributaries. After sensitivity analyses, the key parameters were defined and then calibrated by the field observation data. The calibrated model was applied to study the seasonal primary productions and its regional differences. The comparisons between model results and field data in year 2000 indicated that the model is able to simulate the eutrophication dynamics in Taihu Lake with a reasonable accuracy. From the simulation experiments, it was found that the meteorological forcing have significant influences on the temporal variations of the eutrophication dynamics. The wind-induced circulation and sediment distribution play an important role in the spatial distribution of the algae blooms.     

Variation of phytoplankton community before an induced cyanobacterial （Arthrospira platensis ） bloom

A cyanobacterial (Arthrospira platensis) bloom was induced in situ by nutrient manipulation in an enclosure. The succession of the phytoplankton community and the water chemistry variations before the appearance of bloom, as well as their relationship, were investigated. The cell pigment variations were studied simultaneously. The Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that there was no significant correlation between water chemistry and green algal or cyanobacterial composition, indicating that water chemistry variations were not suitable to be used as indicators for cyanobacterial-bloom early-warning. However, the diversity index of the phytoplankton community decreased sharply before the bloom appeared. Therefore, the dynamics of phytoplankton community was put forward to be an indicator for cyanobacterial-bloom early-warning. In addition, the cell pigment variations represented the changes of community structure, which should be useful for studying the dynamics of phytoplankton community.     

三峡水库支流大宁河水华特征研究

以三峡水库支流大宁河水华敏感期(2007年4~6月和2008年4~5月)水质和水华的调查数据为依据,研究了其水质变化、营养盐构成及水华特征.结果表明,水华敏感期大宁河自回水段以下氮磷含量较高,总氮范围为0.84~3.21 mg/L,总磷为0.011~0.531 mg/L,氮营养盐主要以TDN为主(TDN/TN为84%),而磷营养盐以TDP占优(TDP/TP为60%);N/P值均高于16,藻类生长受磷限制.高锰酸盐指数和溶解氧含量低且变化稳定.叶绿素a为1.41~219.04 mg.m-3.相关性分析表明Chl-a与TP、高锰酸盐指数、DO、pH呈显著正相关(rChla-TP=0.453、rChla-高锰酸盐指数=0.641、rChla-DO=0.584、rChla-pH=0.409,p0.01),与SD呈显著负相关(rChla-SD=-0.392,p0.01);pH受多参数影响,但受藻类生长影响较大.通过显微镜对藻类进行鉴定,发现大宁河自回水段以下水华敏感期藻类分布较广,共发现8门82属124种,其中硅藻门和绿藻门分布最多,其次为蓝藻门和甲藻门,其余藻种较少.大宁河在水华敏感期暴发了3次自回水段以下大规模水华,水华期间藻密度最高值是正常值的14~1427倍,水华优势种主要有绿藻门的波吉卵囊藻、小空星球藻、土生绿球藻、实球藻和小球藻;裸藻门的扁裸藻、矩圆囊裸藻;硅藻门的小环藻、冠盘藻和舟形藻;甲藻门的埃尔多甲藻等;发生多藻种同时水华的情况;出河口处藻类较少.     

东海春季赤潮前后沉积物-海水界面营养盐交换速率的研究

应用实验室培养法现场研究了3～5月东海硅藻赤潮发生前后10个站位的营养盐在沉积物-海水界面的交换,并应用连续函数拟合法计算了营养盐的界面交换速率.结果显示,NO^-₃-N在赤潮前向沉积物中汇聚［-1.33～－0.68 mmol/(m²·d)］,赤潮后却基本由沉积物向海水中释放［－0.69～0.82 mmol/(m²·d)］.NH⁺₄-N在赤潮前后大都从沉积物中释放［－0.65～1.46 mmol/(m²·d)］,赤潮后释放速率小于赤潮前.NO^-₂-N赤潮前后除Zc17站外都向沉积物中汇聚［－0.09～0.05 mmol/(m²·d)］,赤潮后汇聚速率稍高.SiO^2-₃-Si在所有站位都由沉积物向海水释放［0.85～9.23 mmol/(m²·d)］,其赤潮后速率高于赤潮前.PO^3-₄-P在赤潮前向沉积物中汇聚［－0.06～－0.01 mmol/(m²·d)］,在赤潮后却由沉积物向海水中释放［0～1.26 mmol/(m²·d)］.NO^-₃-N和PO^3-₄-P向东海近海沉积物的汇聚在春季不利于硅藻赤潮的暴发,但其在硅藻赤潮暴发后从沉积物的大量释放为后面紧接的大面积甲藻赤潮的暴发提供了重要的营养物质补充.     

南京玄武湖微囊藻水华种类组成的研究

2005-08～2006-10采集蓝藻水华样品, 通过形态学特征和ITS序列分子标记的方法对南京玄武湖水华的优势种类进行了鉴定. 结果表明,玄武湖水华主要由微囊藻构成, 通过形态特征鉴定主要种类为铜绿微囊藻(M. aeruginosa)、M. novacekii 和惠氏微囊藻(M. wesenbergii). 3种藻的生物量在水华中的相对比例分别为30%～45%、35%～40%和10%～15%. 采用分子标记的方法对２种优势种类进行了分子鉴定. PCR扩增ITS序列并进行测序, 通过基因序列比对和基于ITS序列的系统发生树分析, 进一步确定了优势种类为M. aeruginosa和M. novacekii; 通过检测产毒基因mcyB来确认2株优势微囊藻的产毒特性, PCR扩增结果均出现了大约为780 bp的特异性片段, 表明这2种藻均为产毒种. 对水华提取物的高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定表明, 玄武湖水华中微囊藻毒素的种类主要是MC-LR和MC-RR.     

2株球形棕囊藻溶藻细菌的分离及鉴定

从珠海赤潮海水中分离出2株溶藻细菌Y01和Y04,对球形棕囊藻均有显著的溶藻效果.结果表明,溶藻细菌Y01和Y04均为革兰氏阳性菌,对球形棕囊藻的溶解作用时间为6 d.借助显微镜及扫描电镜等观察Y01和Y04溶藻过程,发现2株溶藻细菌的溶藻方式均为直接裂解藻细胞.溶藻细菌Y01和Y04的16S rDNA系列分析表明,溶...     

水生植物提取液对蓝藻的抑制作用

采用对照试验,模拟研究不同氮磷营养、水温等条件下,添加水生植物（睡莲）提取液对蓝藻生长的抑制作用。实验证实了植物提取液对蓝藻有抑制作用,在不同生长条件下,细胞密度为6×10^7～2×10^10个／L时,可达到降低蓝藻50％的生长率。     

蓝藻藻华规模化清除技术应用研究

在实验室试验的基础上,基于气浮原理开发了规模化清除蓝藻藻华方法（专利号：200810058076．4）和藻水分离技术（专利号：200710065795．4、200710066435．6、200710066251．X）,使蓝藻藻华清除率〉95％,实际应用于滇池和太湖大规模清除蓝藻藻华,为蓝藻藻华的治理提供了一种有效的技术方法。     

湖泊水质模型SALMO在太湖梅梁湾的应用

改进了湖泊水质模型SALMO,针对太湖梅梁湾,利用2005年实测数据进行模型参数率定,并模拟了2006年水质.结果发现,绿藻、蓝藻、硅藻3种藻类的模拟结果与藻类的实测年变化格局一致,反应了3种藻类的季节性演替,其中,硅藻、绿藻在冬末春初占优势,蓝藻在夏秋季占优势;溶解氧模拟结果与实测数据非常一致,年平均相对误差为14.3%;NO-3-N和PO3-4-P的变化趋势与实测结果基本一致.研究结果表明,SALMO能很好地模拟藻类和营养盐的浓度动态,并在一定程度上揭示水华机制.     

Spatial heterogeneity of cyanobacterial communities and genetic variation of Microcystis populations within large, shallow eutrophic lakes (Lake Taihu and Lake Chaohu, China)

Cyanobacteria, specifically Microcystis, usually form massive blooms in eutrophic freshwater lakes. Cyanobacterial samples were collected from eight sites of both Lake Taihu and Lake Chaohu in late summer to determine the diversity and distribution pattern of cyanobacteria and Microcystis in large, shallow, entropic lakes with significant spatial heterogeneity and long-term Microcystis bloom. Molecular methods based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and clone library analysis were used. A similar heterogeneous distribution pattern of cyanobacteria in both lakes was observed. Most parts of these two lakes with high trophic level were dominated by Microcystis. However, in the regions with low trophic levels as well as low concentrations of chlorophyll a, Synechococcus occupied a considerable percentage. Different morphospecies and genotypes dominated the bloom-forming Microcystis populations in these two lakes. Microcystis viridis and Microcystis novacekii were dominant in Lake Chaohu, whereas Microcystis flos-aquae was dominant in Lake Taihu. Only 2 of the13 Microcystis operational taxonomic units were shared between these two lakes. Analysis of molecular variance based on 16S to 23S internal transcribed spacer sequences indicated the significant genetic differentiation of Microcystis between these two lakes (F_st = 0.19, p < 0.001). However, only 19.46% of the genetic variability was explained by the population variation between lakes, whereas most (80.54%) of the genetic variability occurred within the lakes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed no phylogeographic structure of Microcystis population in these two lakes, as illustrated by their cosmopolitan nature. Our results revealed that spatial heterogeneity within lakes has more impact on the cyanobacterial diversity than geographical isolation in a local scale.