挥发性有机物污染场地挖掘过程中污染扩散特征

我国城市工业污染场地主要受挥发性及半挥发性有机污染物(VOCs/SVOCs)的污染.挥发性有机污染物挥发性大,在环境中容易迁移,土壤被挖掘和扰动时,土壤中VOCs很容易形成短时间内的相对较高浓度释放;如果施工人员没有进行适当防护,极易产生健康危害.本研究通过现场快速监测与采样管采样技术相结合,研究污染场地修复开挖过程中气态污染物的分布规律.监测结果表明,在场地开挖的主导风向上,气态污染物浓度分布随距离而下降,并呈现波峰和波谷交替出现的特征.监测结果可以用多个高斯烟团的叠加来拟合.本研究结合工业场所职业健康与安全有关限值,推导污染土壤修复开挖现场安全区域划分的方法,并提出相应分区的个人安全防护响应措施.     

生物过滤塔净化甲醛废气的动力学研究

选用榛子壳作为反应器的填料,利用沈阳北部污水处理厂的活性污泥对填料进行挂膜,由低到高通入甲醛气体进行驯化。在系统稳定后进行了生物过滤塔净化甲醛气体的实验研究,并建立了生物过滤塔降解甲醛气体的动力学模型。结果表明,入口气体浓度在低于25mg/m3时,甲醛废气的净化效率可保持在97％以上,超过此浓度值时,效率明显下降。随着进口气体流量的增加,净化率逐渐下降,由入口流量为0．2m3／h时的97．25％下降到入口流量为0．8m弧时的57．2％。根据现有动力学模型及本实验得出数据所建立的生物过滤塔净化甲醛气体的动力学模型,可以较好地模拟系统处理甲醛废气的实验结果,验证了模型的正确性。     

模糊控制技术在污水处理中的应用

针对污水处理过程中采用传统的流量程序控制和时间程序控制的不足,提出了一种基于单片机的模糊控制方法。该方法以污水流量、溶解氧(DO)浓度和污泥回流比为主要被控对象,以DO浓度为主要控制参数,通过离散计算和在线查表的模糊推理方法可得到最佳的风机转速,使污水处理生化池内DO浓度保持在最佳状态,同时还通过控制曲线展示了当输入污水流量发生扰动时对DO浓度的控制精度,使污水处理质量保持稳定。通过实际应用表明,该控制方法不但能确保出口净化水水质达标,还可以节约15%的电能。     

污泥生物沥浸处理对病原物的杀灭效果影响

生物沥浸能够去除污泥中的重金属,同时可能对污泥中的病原物有一定的杀灭作用．通过测定沥浸过程中异养细菌总数及沥浸前后总大肠菌群和粪大肠菌群的变化,研究了生物沥浸作用去除城市污泥和制革污泥中的病原物的作用．结果表明,经过6～7 d的生物沥浸处理,城市污泥中的异养细菌总数从1.38×10⁸个/mL降为4.43×10⁶个/mL,制革污泥中的异养细菌总数从9.23×10⁵个/mL降为4.26×10⁴个/mL;总大肠菌群（TC）和粪大肠菌群（FC）的去除率达到99%以上;但蛔虫卵的死亡率并无明显变化．大肠菌群纯培养试验表明,沥浸过程中病原物的消减作用主要是由于沥浸作用产生的低pH环境,而与污泥中SO^2-₄和重金属浓度的升高无关．     

Artificial neural network model for identifying taxi gross emitter from remote sensing data of vehicle emission

Vehicle emission has been the major source of air pollution in urban areas in the past two decades. This article proposes an artificial neural network model for identifying the taxi gross emitters based on the remote sensing data. After carrying out the field test in Guangzhou and analyzing various factors from the emission data, the artificial neural network modeling was proved to be an advisable method of identifying the gross emitters. On the basis of the principal component analysis and the selection of algorithm and architecture, the Back-Propagation neural network model with 8-17-1 architecture was established as the optimal approach for this purpose. It gave a percentage of hits of 93%. Our previous research result and the result from aggression analysis were compared, and they provided respectively the percentage of hits of 81.63% and 75%. This comparison demonstrates the potentiality and validity of the proposed method in the identification of taxi gross emitters.     

Fast increasing of surface ozone concentrations in Pearl River Delta characterized by a regional air quality monitoring network during 2006-2011

Based on the observation by a Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network including 16 monitoring stations, temporal and spatial variations of ozone(O3), NO2and total oxidant(Ox) were analyzed by both linear regression and cluster analysis. A fast increase of regional O3concentrations of 0.86 ppbV/yr was found for the annual averaged values from 2006 to 2011 in Guangdong, China. Such fast O3increase is accompanied by a correspondingly fast NOx reduction as indicated by a fast NO2 reduction rate of 0.61 ppbV/yr. Based on a cluster analysis, the monitoring stations were classified into two major categories – rural stations(non-urban) and suburban/urban stations. The O3concentrations at rural stations were relatively conserved while those at suburban/urban stations showed a fast increase rate of 2.0 ppbV/yr accompanied by a NO2 reduction rate of 1.2 ppbV/yr. Moreover, a rapid increase of the averaged O3 concentrations in springtime(13%/yr referred to 2006 level) was observed, which may result from the increase of solar duration, reduction of precipitation in Guangdong and transport from Eastern Central China. Application of smog production algorithm showed that the photochemical O3production is mainly volatile organic compounds(VOC)-controlled. However, the photochemical O3production is sensitive to both NOx and VOC for O3pollution episode. Accordingly, it is expected that a combined NOx and VOC reduction will be helpful for the reduction of the O3 pollution episodes in Pearl River Delta while stringent VOC emission control is in general required for the regional O3 pollution control.     

基于车流和大气污染物浓度同步增量的机动车平均排放因子估算方法

机动车尾气排放已成为城市大气污染的主要来源并受到了高度关注.机动车排放因子是反映机动车排放状况的最基本参数,但实测排放因子代价较高、代表范围有限,基于国外排放模式估算的排放因子又与我国的实际排放状况存在一定差距.本研究首先基于早高峰时段车流量和道路附近大气污染物浓度呈近线性增加、气象条件和背景污染物浓度相对稳定的特征,将时段内污染物浓度的增加主要归因为车流的增加,从而建立车流和污染物浓度增量之间的关系;然后采用无限线源高斯扩散模式,反推道路实际行驶机动车的平均排放因子.以北京市一条主干道为例,利用早高峰车流量、污染物浓度、气象观测数据,进行了实例研究,并将研究结果同COPERT4排放模型的预测结果进行了对比.本研究和COPERT4排放模型预测的8月一氧化碳平均排放因子分别为2.0 g·km-1和1.2 g·km-1,12月分别为5.5 g·km-1和5.2 g·km-1.结果表明,本方法估算的机动车排放因子在数值大小及季节变化上均与COPERT4排放模型较为接近.所提方法通过消除背景浓度的干扰,为实时获取车队实际排放因子提供了一种新思路.     

铁岭市黄标车淘汰影响因素研究

通过对铁岭市近3年汽车和黄标车保有量变化及其氮氧化物排放量变化的研究,得出禁止转入是铁岭市黄标车淘汰的关键因素。     

PARAMETER ESTIMATION OF THE NONLINEAR MUSKINGUM MODEL USING HARMONY SEARCH1

ABSTRACT: A newly developed heuristic algorithm, Harmony Search, is applied to the parameter estimation problem of the nonlinear Muskingum model. Harmony Search found better values of parameters in the nonlinear Muskingum model than five other methods including another heuristic method, genetic algorithm, in terms of SSQ (the sum of the square of the deviations between the observed and routed outflows), SAD (the sum of the absolute value of the deviations between the observed and routed outflows), DPO (deviations of peak of routed and actual flows), and DPOT (deviations of peak time of routed and actual outflow). Harmony Search also has the advantage that it does not require the process of assuming the initial values of design parameters. The sensitivity analysis of Harmony Memory Considering Rate showed that relatively large values of Harmony Memory Considering Rate makes the Harmony Search converge to a better solution.     

高邮地震台地电阻率观测精度干扰原因分析及排除方法

对高邮台地电NS向ρs的观测精度在2002 07 24雷雨后出现降低的现象进行了分析排查,发现是一交流接触器在遭雷击时烧坏,导致交流电三相中的一相对地漏电,与变压器中的零线形成回路所致。从而排除了配电房漏电的干扰,保证了观测资料的质量。