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较详细地介绍了燕化公司近几年运用经济杠杆,不断健全环保激励和约束机制,加强生产源头环保管理,积极开展清洁生产,使燕化地区环境质量不断改善的做法。 相似文献
35.
Manfred Fehr 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2009,11(2):319-328
As biodegradable material represents approximately 70% of household waste in Brazil, any strategy to divert appreciable waste
quantities from landfills of necessity has to include valorization and recycling of this material. A societal change of attitude
is required to perceive this challenge. Experiments in an urban apartment building are described that produced this change
of attitude with a success factor of 80%. Divided waste collection was implemented that separated at the source biodegradable
from inert material. Correct collection, handling and display procedures were established. Composting of biodegradable material
was carried out under the rooftop of the building as an alternative to using it as animal feed. Half of the inert material
entered the reverse logistics chain and was also diverted from the landfill. Waste related material flow through the building
is completely quantified, food intake and waste production are related, diversion of both biodegradable and inert waste components
from the landfill is measured and the composting process is described. The landfill diversion stands at 61%, mass reduction
through the composting process is 80% and matured compost is returned to residents for use in flower cages. The system has
been operational for two years and stands out as a precedent in successful decentralized household waste management supported
by material flow analysis.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
36.
Phosphorus flows in Swedish agriculture and food chain were studied by material flow analysis. The system studied included agriculture, food consumption, related waste and wastewater from private households and municipal wastewater treatment plants. Swedish farmland had net annual phosphorus inputs of ~12 600 metric tons (4.1 kg P ha−1) in 2008–2010. The total import of phosphorus in food and feed to Sweden exceed imports of phosphorus in fertilizers. Despite strict animal density regulations relating to manure phosphorus content, phosphorus is accumulating on Swedish animal farms. The total quantity of manure produced greatly exceeds imported mineral phosphorus fertilizer and almost equals total phosphorus inputs to Swedish farmland. 相似文献
37.
Golubiewski N 《Ambio》2012,41(7):751-764
The energy and material flows of a city are often described as urban metabolism (UM), which is put forward as a way to link a city's ecology and economy. UM draws parallels to the biology of individual organisms, yet the analogy is misapplied. In striving to be interdisciplinary, UM makes this organismic comparison rather than identifying the city as an ecosystem, thereby ignoring developments in ecological theory. Using inappropriate rhetoric misdirects researchers, which influences scientific investigation-from problem statements to interpretations. UM is valuable in quantifying the city's use of natural resources but does not achieve a comprehensive, integrated analysis of the urban ecosystem. To realize an interdisciplinary, perhaps transdisciplinary, understanding of urban ecology, researchers need to emphasize the essential tenets of material flows analysis, view the city as an ecosystem, and use language that properly reflects current knowledge, theory, and conceptual frameworks in the foundational disciplines. 相似文献
38.
In order to effectively conserve the non-renewable resource phosphorus (P), flows and stocks of P must be known at national, regional and global scales. P is a key non-renewable resource because its use as fertilizer cannot be substituted posing a constraint on the global food production in the long-term. This paper presents a methodology to establish country-wide P balances that emphasises resource use. We develop a material flow analysis (MFA) model that comprises all relevant flows and stocks of P in five subsystems, seven processes and 36 material flows. For quantification, statistical data from economic and agricultural sources as well as available information about P partitioning in natural and anthropogenic processes are used. Special attention is paid to data gaps and uncertainties. The model was tested in two case studies on P management in Turkey and Austria. MFA appears to be a tool well suited for establishing country-wide P balances, provided that national statistics are well-structured and accessible. If a common approach is used for modelling P-flows and stocks, regional and national balances can be compared and linked towards larger scale P balances for an improved management of the resource. 相似文献
39.
This article considers the environmental impacts and the governance framework of the domestic and international supply of iron, zinc, copper and nickel concentrates smelted and refined in Finland. The metals industry in the country is heavily dependent on imported concentrates, and the research is thus focused on defining the level of impacts related to mining and mineral processing abroad, and the change in the impacts between 2000 and 2010. The estimations of environmental impacts are based on waste minerals and CO2eq emissions, and the quality of governance in the set of indicators measuring different aspects of governance. The total amount of waste minerals and CO2eq emissions related to metal concentrates decreased over the ten-year period. At the same time, the quality of governance improved in all concentrate groups except nickel. Ore grade, mine type and transportation distance appear to be the most influential factors on environmental impacts. The results suggest that the country of origin can have a noticeable effect on the environmental impacts and the quality of governance of the mining and processing of metal concentrates. 相似文献
40.
High phosphorus steel slag and carbonized rice husk are two common wastes characterized by high generation and low secondary use values.Through the reduction of high phosphorus steel slag by biomass,both wastes were fully utilized,thus reducing the negative impact on the environment.In this study,variables such as temperature,time,and amount of reactants were changed to determine the optimal conditions for the reaction of steel slag with carbonized rice husk at high temperatures.The actual amoun... 相似文献