基于WebGIS的大伙房水库安全预警决策支持系统的开发

为确保水源地安全,有效提高应急反应能力,探讨了"基于WebGIS的大伙房水库安全预警决策支持系统"的构成、功能及其数据库的设计。     

韩国地表水水质标准研究与启示

韩国现行地表水水质标准由保护人体健康的水质标准和保护生态环境的水质标准两部分组成。采用风险评价的方法制定有毒物质的水质标准,并根据美国EPA推导环境水质基准的公式,对制定水质基准的方法进行了改进。韩国环境部计划于2015年将水质标准扩展到30种化学物质,同时将推导得出的生态风险基准纳入水质标准,旨在推进我国地表水水质标准的制订与完善。     

Propagation Characteristics of Gas Explosion in Linked Vessels Based on DDT Criteria

To study the occurrence conditions and propagation characteristics of deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) in linked vessels, two typical linked vessels were investigated in this study. The DDT of the methane–air mixture under different pipe lengths and inner diameters was studied. Results showed that the CJ detonation pressure of the methane–air mixture was 1.86 MPa, and the CJ detonation velocity was 1987.4 m/s. Compared with a single pipe, the induced distance of DDT is relatively short in the linked vessels. With the increase in pipeline length, DDT is more likely to occur. Under the same pipe diameter, the DDT induction distance in the vessel–pipe–vessel structure is shorter than that in the vessel–pipe structure. With the increase in pipeline diameter, the length of the pipe required to form the DDT is reduced. For linked vessels in which detonation formed, four stages, namely, slow combustion, deflagration, deflagration to detonation, and stable detonation, occurred in the vessels. Moreover, for a pipe diameter of 60 mm and a length of 8 m, overdriven detonation occurred in the vessel–pipe–vessel structure.     

环境安全研究

在过去的二十多年里,在北美洲,欧洲和整个世界涌现出了大量探索现有的安全条件和环境之间存在潜在联系的文献。与此同时还探讨了一些想法,这些研究探索包含了一些经典思想的印记,并且是对两个几乎同时发生的重大事件的反应：一个是“冷战”的结束,迫使人们重新思考安全的概念。另一个是把全球变暖的科学证据提到了全球性的政策制定议程上的急迫性得到了广泛的认同和关注。大量的学术文献已经验证了大尺度的环境变化过程,如：气候变化和森林砍伐之间的关系。这些文献在各种尺度上探讨了自然资源的变化对于社会政治的影响。这些文献还从环境前景的角度分析了其对军事活动的影响,以便于了解环境因素对于国家冲突和化解国家冲突的影响。这些研究还从国家安全的角度探索了环境变化对于人类健康的影响。这些研究从不同的层面来考量安全问题,这些等级包括：全球,地区,国家,国家内行政区划以及全人类。这些研究还包括脆弱的人类安全体系在环境变化中可能发生的贫穷和不公正。这些研究还包括在不同的安全背景下的战略对于保护环境以及适应环境压力的影响。     

起重机的安全操作

通过起重机的操作原理,分析了防止事故的安全要点和维护保养、安全装置等,提出了操作人员的注意事项。     

Preparation and Validation of Gridded Emission Inventory of Criteria Air Pollutants and Identification of Emission Hotspots for Megacity Delhi

Delhi is one of the many megacities struggling with punishing levels of pollution from industrial, residential, and transportation sources. Over the years, pollution abatement in Delhi has become an important constituent of state policies. In the past one decade a lot of policies and regulations have been implemented which have had a noticeable effect on pollution levels. In this context, air quality models provide a powerful tool to study the impact of development plans on the expected air pollution levels and thus aid the regulating and planning authorities in decision-making process. In air quality modeling, emissions in the modeling domain at regular interval are one of the most important inputs. From the annual emission data of over a decade (1990–2000), emission inventory is prepared for the megacity Delhi. Four criteria pollutants namely, CO, SO₂, PM, and NO _x are considered and a gridded emission inventory over Delhi has been prepared taking into account land use pattern, population density, traffic density, industrial areas, etc. A top down approach is used for this purpose. Emission isopleths are drawn and annual emission patterns are discussed mainly for the years 1990, 1996 and 2000. Primary and secondary areas of emission hotspots are identified and emission variations discussed during the study period. Validation of estimated values is desired from the available data. There is a direct relationship of pollution levels and emission strength in a given area. Hence, an attempt has been made to validate the emission inventory for all criteria pollutants by analyzing emissions in various sampling zones with the ambient pollution levels. For validation purpose, the geographical region encompassing the study area (Delhi) has been divided into seven emission zones as per the air quality monitoring stations using Voronoi polygon concept. Dispersion modeling is also used for continuous elevated sources to have the contributing emissions at the ground level to facilitate validation. A good correlation between emission estimates and concentration has been found. Correlation coefficient of 0.82, 0.77, 0.58 and 0.68 for CO, SO₂, PM and NO _x respectively shows a reasonably satisfactory performance of the present estimates.     

International rivers and national security: The Euphrates,Ganges–Brahmaputra,Indus, Tigris,and Yarmouk rivers1

To understand a state's incentives to invest in conflict or cooperation over their international rivers, this paper argues that it is necessary to appreciate the relationships a river can create and the national security threat riparians may confront. Rivers impose interdependent and vulnerable relationships, which can compromise a state's ability to respond effectively to floods and droughts, meet its domestic food and energy needs, dredge the river, maintain its drainage systems, and allocate its domestic water budget. The inability to accomplish these tasks can contribute to social, economic, and political losses that may threaten a state's territorial integrity. Regardless of whether a state is upstream or downstream, from these relationships it acquires leverage to manipulate the interdependence and vulnerability to inflict losses on its riparian neighbour. This argument challenges several assumptions within the existing literature, including the belief that a shortage of freshwater is the initial force producing a national security threat and that an upstream–downstream river bequeaths all advantages on the upstream state and leaves the downstream state purely dependent. As the paper shows, riparians confront a more complex relationship than captured by the existing literature.