中国碳排放强度影响因素对区域差异的作用分析

根据IPCC方法计算得到1995—2012年中国各省市碳排放数据,表明从1995年开始,我国各省市的碳排放强度整体上呈现南低北高,东低西高的分布格局,并有逐渐下降的趋势.区域间碳排放强度的基尼系数、Theil系数、对数离差均值的计算结果表明碳排放强度在各省市自治区间存在明显差异,并且差异随着时间逐渐增大.为了进一步分析碳排放强度差异的影响因素,我们建立了碳排放强度的回归方程,并采用夏普里值分解法进行影响因素的分解分析.整体上可以看出经济发展水平对碳排放强度差异的贡献值最大,而且随着时间推移其对碳排放强度差异的作用逐渐加强.其次是产业结构和能源结构,贡献值分别为18.91%和26.76%,对碳排放强度差异的贡献值随着时间逐渐减少,作用也逐渐弱化.最后是城市化水平(贡献值为~(-1).65%),仅在一定程度上能够降低碳排放强度的差异.进一步采用第三产业占比表示产业结构,石油占比表示能源结构进行分析,发现它们与碳排放强度变为反向关系.即一个地区的第三产业比重高,在能源结构中油的比重大,煤炭比重小,碳排放强度相比于其他地区则低.由此可见,石油比重的区域差异是影响碳强度差异的一个主要原因.因此,提升碳排放强度高的地区的石油以及低碳能源可以缩减区域间的碳排放差异.本文的研究对合理、公平的碳减排政策的制定,鼓励各省市自治区积极参加碳减排活动有着积极的意义.     

UASB反应器对印染废水中碳、氮、硫的协同去除研究

采用"UASB-缺氧好氧-混凝沉淀"组合工艺对印染废水进行中试处理研究.结果发现,UASB反应器不仅可以解决印染废水可生化性低、色度高的问题,还对废水中的碳、氮、硫具有协同去除作用,优化条件下UASB可将废水B/C从0.18~0.26提高至0.4以上,对色度、COD、TN、SO_4~(2-)、S~(2-)平均去除率分别为77.0%、36.4%、38.5%、77.5%、60.1%.同时,为了探究碳、氮、硫协同去除机理,对优化条件下的运行数据进行了分析并采用454高通量测序技术进行菌种鉴定.结果表明,UASB反应器内存在硫酸盐还原、厌氧氨化、同步脱硫反硝化和硝化反硝化4种作用,从而造成了碳、氮、硫的同步去除.菌种鉴定未发现产甲烷菌,说明产甲烷菌受到了抑制,UASB反应器很好地停留在了水解酸化阶段.进一步结合小试研究得出,硫酸盐还原是促使硝化反硝化、脱硫反硝化产生的原因,同时也促进了有机物去除.总体而言,硫酸盐还原促进了碳、氮、硫的协同去除.     

航空器碳排放扩散模型研究及减碳效果分析

探索、研究有效的机场减碳方法,对我国民用机场的绿色可持续发展、改善机场周边大气环境等具有十分重要的现实意义和长远意义。文章首先分析机场内碳排放源头,研究根据机场内碳排放污染物的特点,结合高斯高价连续点源扩散模式,推导分析航空器在近地面的扩散公式;其次采用不同的下滑角在3°下滑角和4°下滑角下,比较分析碳排放当量值和一氧化碳扩散分布情况并分析整体碳排放量变化趋势,研究监测点或敏感点浓度值等值线分布特点、占标率变化和影响范围等指标,分析浓度值对周边社区居民的影响程度;计算结果表明,增大下滑角可以有效地减少碳排放量。     

基于Miseq测序与碳平衡的生物滴滤床降解甲苯研究

在甲苯进气浓度为1 640 mg/m3,进气负荷为198.11 g/(m3·h),系统停留时间(EBRT)为30 s的条件下,生物滴滤床对甲苯的去除率达到84%,去除负荷为166.41 g/(m3·h)。碳平衡计算表明:22.27%的输入碳源为微生物所同化,59.52%的碳以CO2形式排出,仅有2.46%的碳溶于营养液中。在出口气体中,以CO2形式存在的碳占79.08%,其余则以甲苯形式存在。经Miseq-16S rRNA测序平台分析可知,该生物反应器中的优势菌属为假单胞菌、丛毛单胞菌和红球菌属,优势菌门为变形菌门、拟杆菌门和酸杆菌门。其中,变形菌门和拟杆菌门在反应器中所占比例在经过驯化之后显示出相反的变化趋势。     

Carbon footprint in corporate logistics operations in the food sector

Global warming is negatively affecting the environment of the planet. This situation has led to the development of international standards, such as the International Organisation for Standardization's DIS 14064‐1 and the Greenhouse Gas Protocol Corporate Standard, both of which measure corporate carbon footprints. These standards provide guidelines that can be applied to different organizational sectors. However, these are not sufficient for controlling the reduction of carbon emissions, because although they propose the use of indicators, they do not explicitly define them. In addition, in the case of emissions from wastewater treatment, they only suggest that the emissions associated with this process be considered. In the present study, an eight‐step, unified methodology based on these two international standards is proposed, focusing on direct emissions. Moreover, the step‐by‐step to data collection, calculations, and the required indicators to control the emissions are defined. The first scope considers direct emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by the company. Methane generation measurement from wastewater treatment has been included in the methodology within Scope 1, as it is the second most polluting gas after carbon dioxide, both of which give rise to global warming. The proposed methodology was tested as a case study in one of the most important companies in the food sector in Colombia.     

~(14)C在陆地生态系统碳循环研究中的应用及进展

深刻理解陆地生态系统碳循环有助于提高未来气候预测的准确性。~(14)C是陆地生态系统碳循环研究中广泛应用的重要工具,本文对~(14)C在土壤有机碳周转时间和平均停留时间的评估、陆地生态系统释放CO_2的源解析、河流有机碳的源解析及陆地生态系统碳循环对气候变化和土地利用的响应等四个方面的应用及进展进行了细致的介绍,最后展望了~(14)C应用于陆地碳循环研究发展趋势,并对国内相关研究的开展提出了几点建议。     

南海表层海水参与卡尔文循环的固碳基因多样性研究

为揭示南海北部表层海水中参与卡尔文循环的固碳基因多样性及其与环境因子的关系,本研究以卡尔文循环中的关键酶核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶(Rubis CO)的Ⅰ、Ⅱ型基因(cbbL、cbbM)作为分子标记,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术对海水中的固碳基因多样性进行分析,并结合多元统计分析的方法,探讨了固碳基因多样性与环境因子的关系.结果显示,在南海北部表层海水中,含cbbL基因固碳基因主要归属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),其中,优势亚群分别是γ-变形菌亚门(45.3%)、蓝细菌(30.9%)和β-变形杆菌亚门(23.8%);而含cbbM基因的固碳菌群未检测到;近岸的A9站位与其他站位物种组成有一定的差异,异着色菌属(Allochromatium)、硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)和硫单胞菌属(Thiohalomonas)为其特有菌属.相关性和冗余分析(RDA)结果显示,含cbbL基因的固碳基因丰度与水温、盐度呈显著负相关(p0.01),与硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、硅酸盐呈显著正相关(p0.01).     

Efficient treatment of azo dye containing wastewater in a hybrid acidogenic bioreactor stimulated by biocatalyzed electrolysis

In this study, a novel scaled-up hybrid acidogenic bioreactor(HAB) was designed and adopted to evaluate the performance of azo dye(acid red G, ARG) containing wastewater treatment. Principally, HAB is an acidogenic bioreactor coupled with a biocatalyzed electrolysis module. The effects of hydraulic retention time(HRT) and ARG loading rate on the performance of HAB were investigated. In addition, the influent was switched from synthetic wastewater to domestic wastewater to examine the key parameters for the application of HAB. The results showed that the introduction of the biocatalyzed electrolysis module could enhance anoxic decolorization and COD(chemical oxygen demand) removal. The combined process of HAB-CASS presented superior performance compared to a control system without biocatalyzed electrolysis(AB-CASS). When the influent was switched to domestic wastewater, with an environment having more balanced nutrients and diverse organic matters, the ARG, COD and nitrogen removal efficiencies of HAB-CASS were further improved, reaching 73.3% ± 2.5%, 86.2% ± 3.8% and 93.5% ± 1.6% at HRT of 6 hr, respectively, which were much higher than those of AB-CASS(61.1% ± 4.7%,75.4% ± 5.0% and 82.1% ± 2.1%, respectively). Moreover, larger TCV/TV(total cathode volume/total volume) for HAB led to higher current and ARG removal. The ARG removal efficiency and current at TCV/TV of 0.15 were 39.2% ± 3.7% and 28.30 ± 1.48 m A,respectively. They were significantly increased to 62.1% ± 2.0% and 34.55 ± 0.83 m A at TCV/TV of 0.25. These results show that HAB system could be used to effectively treat real wastewater.     

The biological effect of metal ions on the granulation of aerobic granular activated sludge

As a special biofilm structure, microbial attachment is believed to play an important role in the granulation of aerobic granular activated sludge (AGAS). This experiment was to investigate the biological effect of Ca^2 +, Mg^2 +, Cu^2 +, Fe^2 +, Zn^2 +, and K⁺ which are the most common ions present in biological wastewater treatment systems, on the microbial attachment of AGAS and flocculent activated sludge (FAS), from which AGAS is always derived, in order to provide a new strategy for the rapid cultivation and stability control of AGAS. The result showed that attachment biomass of AGAS was about 300% higher than that of FAS without the addition of metal ions. Different metal ions had different effects on the process of microbial attachment. FAS and AGAS reacted differently to the metal ions as well, and in fact, AGAS was more sensitive to the metal ions. Specifically, Ca^2 +, Mg^2 +, and K⁺ could increase the microbial attachment ability of both AGAS and FAS under appropriate concentrations, Cu^2 +, Fe^2 +, and Zn^2 + were also beneficial to the microbial attachment of FAS at low concentrations, but Cu^2 +, Fe^2 +, and Zn^2 + greatly inhibited the attachment process of AGAS even at extremely low concentrations. In addition, the acylated homoserine lactone (AHL)-based quorum sensing system, the content of extracellular polymeric substances and the relative hydrophobicity of the sludges were greatly influenced by metal ions. As all these parameters had close relationships with the microbial attachment process, the microbial attachment may be affected by changes of these parameters.     

海南省建筑业碳排放核算分析及预测研究

海南国际旅游岛建设促进了建筑业的发展,为了解海南建筑业碳排放情况,采用投入产出分析法对1993—2013年的海南建筑业碳排放进行了核算和分析,并在此基础上对2015—2020年的海南建筑业碳排放进行了预测。结果表明:在保持现有建筑技术条件下,海南建筑业碳排放距2020年国家40%的减排指标还有很大差距,最后结合海南实际情况对建筑业降低碳排放提出建议。