Bioenergy recovery from landfill gas: A case study in China

Landfill gas (LFG) utilization which means a synergy between environmental protection and bioenergy recovery was investigated in this study. Pressure swing adsorption technology was used in LFG purification, and laboratory experiment, pilot-scale test, and on-site demonstration were carried out in Shenzhen, China. In the laboratory experiment, A-type carbon molecular sieve was selected as the adsorbent by comparison of several other adsorbents. The optimal adsorption pressure and adsorption time were 0.25 MPa and 2 min, respectively, under which the product generation rate was 4.5 m³/h and the methane concentration was above 90%. The process and optimization of the pilot-scale test were also reported in the paper. The product gas was of high quality compared with the National Standard of Compressed Natural Gas as Vehicle Fuel (GB18047-2000), when the air concentration in feed gas was under 10.96%. The demonstration project was composed of a collection system, production system, and utilization system. The drive performance, environmental protection performance, and economic feasibility of the product gas — as alternative fuel in passenger car, truck, and bulldozer—were tested, showing the feasibility technology for LFG utilization.     

废皮革水泥窑共处置生命周期评价

以废皮革为典型固体废物开展水泥窑共处置试烧试验.以生命周期评价方法(LCA)为研究手段,对水泥窑共处置技术的环境影响进行评价,并与常规水泥生产过程作比较.结果表明:常规水泥生产过程的综合环境负荷为7.028×10-12 a-1,其中最大的环境负荷为全球变暖,达3.368×10-12 a-1.当废皮革作为替代燃料在水泥窑中共处置时,可减少燃煤的使用量,同时降低CO₂的排放,降低了能源消耗、人体健康损害等方面的环境压力;其综合环境负荷为6.618×10-12 a-1,比常规水泥生产降低了5.83%.      

基于摩拜骑行数据的上海市共享单车减排效益时空分析

移动互联网环境下的共享单车能够有效减少机动化出行,可在一定成程度上缓解当下交通污染、气候变化等问题,具有显著的减排效益.本研究基于上海市摩拜单车的骑行数据,结合精细化的交通方式排放因子及共享单车替代率调查数据,计算共享单车与其替代交通方式相比所减少的温室气体排放和污染物排放,并分析共享单车减排效益的时空分布特征.结果表明：2016年上海市共享单车的CO₂、CO、HC、NO_x、PM_2.5和PM₁₀减排量分别为6322、74、8.57、6.33、0.32、0.48 t;在时间上具有典型的峰谷现象,其中,早晚高峰贡献了约45%的减排量;在空间上主要分布于中心城区,其中,南京东路街道单位面积减排量最高.因此,上海市共享单车的减排效益主要产生于早晚通勤交通与人口集聚的地区.为了提高共享单车的减排效益,政府和运营者需要在未来继续扩大共享单车的覆盖范围,增加在郊区的投放数量,鼓励更多外围居民使用共享单车.     

白洋淀芦苇型水陆交错带水化学动态及其净化功能研究

于2007年3月-11月对富营养化湖泊一白洋淀进行了现场调查,分析了温度、溶解氧（DO）、叶绿素、总磷（TP）及其他水化学指标的动态变化规律,并讨论了它们之间的相互关系。结果表明：白洋淀芦苇（Phragmites australis var．baiyangdiansis）型水陆交错带对营养物质具有强烈的截留作用,可以达到净化白洋淀水体的效果。从水质指标的空间分布看,污染较重的府河河口区域其水体TP、化学需氧量（CODc,）含量明显高于污染较轻的湖泊中心区域,空间梯度上呈逐步递减趋势。根据水体盐度、总溶解性固体、TP及DO含量进行聚类分析,可以将采样点分为3类：Ⅰ区、污染较重河口区域;Ⅱ区、中间过渡缓冲区域;Ⅲ区、污染较轻中心区域。Ⅰ区其水体DO含量明显低于Ⅲ区,而水体盐度则明显高于Ⅲ区。通过调查发现：在8月份,白洋淀水体DO含量突然增加;相关分析表明：叶绿素含量与DO（P=0．046）及温度（P〈0．01）之间呈显著正相关关系。结合叶绿素等指标的动态变化规律,8月份左右可能是白洋淀藻类爆发的危险时期。     

Genetically engineered herbicide resistance,part two

Should we continue to support publicly funded research on genetically engineered herbicide resistant crops? In Part One, I discussed the difference between science and ethics, presented a brief history of weed control, and explained three moral principles undergirding my environmentalist perspective. I then argued that unqualified endorsement (E) of the research is unjustified, as is unqualified opposition (O). In Part Two, I argue against qualified endorsement (QE), and for qualified opposition (QO).     

交变负荷调控法培养好氧颗粒污泥的试验研究

采用SBR反应器并以进料负荷交替变化为调控方法,探讨了好氧颗粒污泥的培养形成过程及形态理化特性.结果表明,在其它因素固定的情况下,采取进料COD 400、800、1 200 mg/L[即进料负荷0.96、1.92和3.84 kg/(m3.d)]交替运行时,可以在SBR反应器中快速有效地培养出好氧颗粒污泥,达到稳定运行的反应器中MLSS和SVI分别为20~22 g/L和14~16mL/g.完全颗粒化时平均粒径为613.6μm.颗粒表层微生物相主要是球菌,颗粒内层以球菌和杆菌为主.成熟颗粒COD去除效率在95%以上,氨氮去除率稳定在97%.FISH法的分析表明,AOB基本分布在好氧颗粒污泥的表层,NOB除了分布于好氧颗粒污泥的表层外,在内层也有少量NOB.     

Bioenergy recovery from landfill gas: A case study in China

Landfill gas (LFG) utilization which means a synergy between environmental protection and bioenergy recovery was investigated in this study. Pressure swing adsorption technology was used in LFG purification, and laboratory experiment, pilot-scale test, and on-site demonstration were carried out in Shenzhen, China. In the laboratory experiment, A-type carbon molecular sieve was selected as the adsorbent by comparison of several other adsorbents. The optimal adsorption pressure and adsorption time were 0.25 MPa and 2 min, respectively, under which the product generation rate was 4.5 m³/h and the methane concentration was above 90%. The process and optimization of the pilot-scale test were also reported in the paper. The product gas was of high quality compared with the National Standard of Compressed Natural Gas as Vehicle Fuel (GB18047-2000), when the air concentration in feed gas was under 10.96%. The demonstration project was composed of a collection system, production system, and utilization system. The drive performance, environmental protection performance, and economic feasibility of the product gas — as alternative fuel in passenger car, truck, and bulldozer—were tested, showing the feasibility technology for LFG utilization.     

海洋环境交变电场变化规律研究

海洋环境电场是探测水中目标的主要干扰源之一.初步探索了海洋环境电场24 h的变化规律.对测试数据进行拟合,可以预测不同时间点上的环境电场强度.通过分析知道,影响环境交变电场的主要因素是工频电场,比较了工频电场剔除前后幅度变化的规律.     

Multiple territorialities of alternative food networks: six cases from Piedmont,Italy

Originally conceived as practices of resistance against a globalising food market, alternative food networks (AFNs) have recently gained a growing international scientific attention and policy support in the field of rural development. However, it remains difficult to define AFNs as they may assume very differentiated forms and follow very different paths, both from their objective and their spatial organisation viewpoint. This paper proposes a territorial, theoretical and empirical approach to the analysis of AFNs, based on the concept of territoriality as defined by Claude Raffestin and other geographers. On the basis of said concept, AFNs are analysed through three correlated dimensions: space, resources and relations. It is hereby argued that the analysis and definition of AFNs strictly depend on their specific territorial dimensions, assessing on a case-by-case basis their organisation and environmental, social and economic relations, with reference to their diverse organisation scales. At the same time, multiple AFNs may coexist in the same territory and concur to re-define the local food regime and the relationships among food production, distribution and consumption, and territory.     

Conserving alpha and beta diversity in wood-production landscapes

International demand for wood and other forest products continues to grow rapidly, and uncertainties remain about how animal communities will respond to intensifying resource extraction associated with woody bioenergy production. We examined changes in alpha and beta diversity of bats, bees, birds, and reptiles across wood production landscapes in the southeastern United States, a biodiversity hotspot that is one of the principal sources of woody biomass globally. We sampled across a spatial gradient of paired forest land-uses (representing pre and postharvest) that allowed us to evaluate biological community changes resulting from several types of biomass harvest. Short-rotation practices and residue removal following clearcuts were associated with reduced alpha diversity (−14.1 and −13.9 species, respectively) and lower beta diversity (i.e., Jaccard dissimilarity) between land-use pairs (0.46 and 0.50, respectively), whereas midrotation thinning increased alpha (+3.5 species) and beta diversity (0.59). Over the course of a stand rotation in a single location, biomass harvesting generally led to less biodiversity. Cross-taxa responses to resource extraction were poorly predicted by alpha diversity: correlations in responses between taxonomic groups were highly variable (−0.2 to 0.4) with large uncertainties. In contrast, beta diversity patterns were highly consistent and predictable across taxa, where correlations in responses between taxonomic groups were all positive (0.05–0.4) with more narrow uncertainties. Beta diversity may, therefore, be a more reliable and information-rich indicator than alpha diversity in understanding animal community response to landscape change. Patterns in beta diversity were primarily driven by turnover instead of species loss or gain, indicating that wood extraction generates habitats that support different biological communities.