铁改性竹炭去除水中的As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)

利用竹炭负载铁氧化物制备了复合吸附剂,并用粉末X射线衍射对负载的铁进行了表征。通过静态吸附实验,对比研究了改性竹炭对水溶液中As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)阴离子的吸附特性。结果表明,载铁竹炭对As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的最佳吸附pH分别为8和2。改性竹炭对砷阴离子的吸附过程可符合准二级动力。Freundlich等温方程式能很好地描述As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)在改性竹炭上的吸附。在相同初始浓度和吸附剂投加量下,改性竹炭对As(Ⅴ)的吸附量大于As(Ⅲ)。     

Reduction in uptake by rice and soybean of aromatic arsenicals from diphenylarsinic acid contaminated soil amended with activated charcoal

Activated charcoal (AC) amendment has been suggested as a promising method to immobilize organic contaminants in soil. We performed pot experiments with rice and soybean grown in agricultural soil polluted by aromatic arsenicals (AAs). The most abundant AA in rice grains and soybean seeds was methylphenylarsinic acid (MPAA). MPAA concentration in rice grains was significantly reduced to 2% and 3% in 0.2% AC treated soil compared to untreated soil in the first year of rice cultivation. In the second year, MPAA concentration in rice grains was significantly reduced to 15% in 0.2% AC treated soil compared to untreated soil. MPAA concentration in soybean seeds was significantly reduced to 44% in 0.2% AC treated soil compared to untreated soil. AC amendment was effective in reducing AAs in rice and soybean.     

Sorption and desorption of lindane by wood charcoal in fixed‐bed reactor

Abstract

Sorption and desorption of lindane (y‐HCH) by wood charcoal (WC) and wood charcoal treated by 1N HNO₃ (WCT) in fixed‐bed reactor (FBR) were investigated in this study. WCT revealed a better performance than WC, in removing lindane in FBR. The breakthrough of lindane was significantly affected by the size of WCT, flow rate to the FBR, and depth of WCT bed. The removal of lindane in the presence of mixture of other pesticides was considerably reduced. The design parameters for FBR were calculated based on the bed‐depth service time (BDST) approach. Many parameters Viz. depth of sorption zone, velocity of sorption, sorbent use rate, critical bed‐depth, bed efficiency, and service time, were determined for design of the fixed‐bed. Using the material balance principle, the characteristics of the wave‐front were evaluated and found that the wave‐front velocity is approximately equal to the sorption velocity determined from the BDST approach. Desorption studies were performed in dilute organic solvent media and they gave an excellent performance in regeneration process.     

用GC-MS测定空气中丙烯酸酯类污染物

采用活性碳吸附-二硫化碳解吸,GC-MS法测定空气中丙烯酸酯类污染物,采样体积为2h时,定量下限为0.5～1.6μg/m3。在吸附总量小于5mg时,活性碳吸附效率几近100%。CS2提取效率也都在95%以上。方法相对标准偏差为0.5%～3%,回收率为95%～109%。     

Potential of Co2 emission reductions by carbonizing biomass waste from industrial tree plantation in South Sumatra,Indonesia

Approximately half of the carbon in trees can be fixed to charcoal by carbonization. Porous charcoal is useful as a soil amendment for crop fields and forests, and also as a water purifying agent. Given these facts, charcoal production should be recognized as one of the most promising CO₂ sequestration methods. A project on biomass utilization and forest conservation is proposed as a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project, by incorporating the carbonization of biomass residue and waste from tree plantations and pulp mills, and also the utilization of carbon products in various fields. A feasibility study was conducted with the existing project of an industrial tree plantation and pulp production in Indonesia. If conventional charcoal-making methods are used, a total of 368,000 t yr^-1 of biomass residue and waste could be transformed into charcoal of77,000 t yr^-1, and the carbon emission reductions by the project reaches 62,000t-C yr^-1 (or 230,000 t-CO₂yr^-1) in consideration of the project baseline. This charcoal project could provide jobs for approximately 2,600people. The soil fertility in man-made forests could be maintained by returning charcoal to the original forests. Therefore, the project would be beneficial to the regional economy. In addition, the present charcoal project is expected to give more positive impacts than negative ones, or leakage, beyond the project boundary. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

稻壳（炭）棒分析方法

考察了稻壳（炭）棒试样的制备方法以及试样湿存水，挥发份，灰份及固定碳的分析方法，建立了分析标准，可做为企业标准用于配合分析中。     

基于Tenax解吸技术探究竹炭对PCB1的固定作用

利用Tenax（聚2，6-二苯基对苯醚）解吸技术能够较好地模拟水环境中疏水性有机物（HOCs）在生物炭上解吸的行为，不仅可以用于筛选对HOCs有较好固定效果的吸附材料，还可以分析污染物在不同吸附点位上的吸附强度，深入探讨吸附-解吸机理.本文运用Tenax解吸技术研究了2-氯联苯（PCB1）在6种不同温度制备的竹炭（BC）上的解吸动力学，并通过吸附-解吸参数之间的相关性分析，以及这两类参数与竹炭理化性质之间的相关性分析，深入探讨PCB1的吸附-解吸机制.吸附等温线的结果表明，高温竹炭（≥700℃）对PCB1的吸附性能远好于低温竹炭（<700℃），900℃竹炭的吸附容量为400℃的27.1倍.随着热解温度的升高，竹炭对PCB1的分配作用和表面吸附均增强，但后者增加得更快.Tenax解吸动力学结果表明：高温竹炭上PCB1的解吸"快而短"，9 h后就进入慢速解吸阶段，不可逆解吸比例高于0.7；而低温竹炭则"慢而长"，快速解吸阶段长达30 h，不可逆解吸比例低于0.6.与700℃竹炭相比，900℃竹炭的吸附系数K_f高30%左右，但两者的不可逆解吸比例非常接近，说明一定污染物浓度范围内，700℃和900℃竹炭具有相近的吸附固定HOCs的功能.机理分析表明，以"相似相溶作用"为机制的分配作用吸附的PCB1固定效果差，在快速解吸和慢速解吸过程均发生解吸，以孔隙填充作用和π-π电子供体受体作用为机制的表面吸附对PCB1的固定效果好，仅在慢速解吸过程少量释放.这项研究说明Tenax解吸技术可为实际工程中生物炭的选型提供科学依据.     

How Climate and Vegetation Influence the fire Regime of the Alaskan Boreal Biome: The Holocene Perspective

We synthesize recent results from lake-sediment studies of Holocene fire-climate-vegetation interactions in Alaskan boreal ecosystems. At the millennial time scale, the most robust feature of these records is an increase in fire occurrence with the establishment of boreal forests dominated by Picea mariana: estimated mean fire-return intervals decreased from ≥300 yrs to as low as ∼80 yrs. This fire-vegetation relationship occurred at all sites in interior Alaska with charcoal-based fire reconstructions, regardless of the specific time of P. mariana arrival during the Holocene. The establishment of P. mariana forests was associated with a regional climatic trend toward cooler/wetter conditions. Because such climatic change should not directly enhance fire occurrence, the increase in fire frequency most likely reflects the influence of highly flammable P. mariana forests, which are more conducive to fire ignition and spread than the preceding vegetation types (tundra, and woodlands/forests dominated by Populus or Picea glauca). Increased lightning associated with altered atmospheric circulation may have also played a role in certain areas where fire frequency increased around 4000 calibrated years before present (BP) without an apparent increase in the abundance of P. mariana. When viewed together, the paleo-fire records reveal that fire histories differed among sites in the same modern fire regime and that the fire regime and plant community similar to those of today became established at different times. Thus the spatial array of regional fire regimes was non-static through the Holocene. However, the patterns and causes of the spatial variation remain largely unknown. Advancing our understanding of climate-fire-vegetation interactions in the Alaskan boreal biome will require a network of charcoal records across various ecoregions, quantitative paleoclimate reconstructions, and improved knowledge of how sedimentary charcoal records fire events. In this paper, charcoal refers to macroscopic (≥180 μm) as opposed to microscopic (< 180 μm) particles unless indicated otherwise. Radiocarbon ages were converted to calibrated years before AD 1950 using the atmospheric calibration data set (Stuiver et al. 1998).     

模拟煤环境中几种无机硫的热分解行为

采用活性焦作为构造煤大分子网络的基质,将无机硫(黄铁矿、硫酸亚铁)混合于其上,形成模拟煤的环境.利用程序升温热解-火焰光度检测器或质谱联用(TPD-FPD/MS)技术和X-射线吸收精细结构(EXAFS)光谱对比研究了FeS₂、FeSO₄在活性焦上及纯态下热分解过程中硫逸出的动态特征及结构变化.结果表明:担载于活性焦上FeSO₄的分解主要发生在200℃～500℃,而纯态FeSO₄的分解温度范围为450℃～600℃,说明活性焦的存在使其分解温度显著降低,且硫的逸出情况更为复杂.黄铁矿与活性焦的物理混合并没有使FeS₂的分解温度降低,但对其分解程度有一定的影响,并与热解气氛密切相关;温度高于400℃后FeS₂分解的硫开始大量逸出,在550℃左右基本失去结构中与铁配位的第2层硫原子而形成FeS.     

改性沼渣生物质炭活化过硫酸盐降解酚类性能

通过高温热解+稀盐酸改性制备改性沼渣生物质炭(ZBC-800),研究了ZBC-800活化过硫酸盐(PS)的效能,考察了活化剂、PS投加量、初始pH值对苯酚降解效果的影响,并实际运用于含酚类焦化废水TOC去除.结果表明,ZBC-800活化PS对苯酚去除效果显著,120min去除率达到91.58%,体系中主要通过产生¹O₂的非自由基途径降解苯酚;苯酚的去除效率随着ZBC-800投加量增加而提升,但高浓度PS会起到一定的抑制;不同初始pH值(4.10、6.80、8.40、10.00)对苯酚的降解效果基本没有影响,最终去除效率范围为91.58%~93.10%;针对实际含酚焦化废水,在初始pH=3、8.94g/L ZBC-800和0.5g/L PS体系下,TOC去除率达86.09%.表明ZBC-800可高效活化PS降解苯酚,效果显著,并在实际废水中表现出较好的降解能力,具有一定的应用前景.