基于水下光场结构的巢湖初级生产力评价

根据2009年6月巢湖32个样点的实测数据以及归一化PAR强度数据,探讨巢湖水体的水下光场结构,并计算该水域的真光层深度,在此基础上结合叶绿素a浓度评价其初级生产力.结果表明,巢湖水体水下光强随着深度的增加呈现出指数衰减趋势,水深1 m处光强只有表层光强的0.07%～15.17%;且不同水深处的光场分布总体呈现出西部湖...     

Temporal and spatial variations of low-molecular-weight organic acids in Dianchi Lake, China

Low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) in eutrophic lake water of Dianchi, Southwestern China Plateau were investigated diurnally and vertically using ion chromatography. Two profiles (P1 and P2) were studied due to the difference of hydrochemical features. Lactic, formic, pyruvic and oxalic acid were detected as major components at P1 and P2 which were on average 7.98 and 6.53 mol/L, respectively, corresponding to their proportions of 2.68% and 2.48% relative to DOC. Pyruvic acid was regarded as the uppermost species at P1 and P2, reaching up to 3.82 and 3.35 mol/L and accounting for 47.9% and 51.3%, respectively, in individual TOA. Although humus were of biogenetic production at both sites, the significant negative correlation between diurnal variations of TOAs, fluorescence intensity (FI) of protein-like components and humic-like components at P1 indicated LMWOAs were greatly originated from bacterioplankton excretion and degradation. However, correlations between diurnal variations of humic-like FI and physicochemical parameters demonstrated algal origination of LMWOAs at P2. Although content of humus was high, TOA at P2 was 1.45 mol/L lower than that at P1, due to the co-influence of more intense photo-oxidation and aggregation at P2. Therefore, TOAs exhibited quite opposite diurnal variation trends of increasing-decreasing and decreasing-increasing at P1 and P2, respectively. Except for impact of solar radiation, bacterial decomposition and assimilation rendered shifts of maximal LMWOAs along water column at P1. Covering with massive algae, UV rays penetrated shallower depth that LMWOAs assembled in surface layer water before 18:00 at P2 and represented decreasing profiles.     

Electromagnetic irradiation exposure and its bioindication – An overview

Man made electromagnetic irradiation and fields cover now the globe due to the recent extensive propagation of mobile telephony. The increased load affects animals and also plants. Especially birds have been studied. Humans are also sensitive. They are good bioindicators as epidemiological methods are available. Humans can also report symptoms which cannot be directly measured with presently available technologies. The nonionizing irradiation can as the ionizing one break the DNA, damage proteins, even increase the blood brain barrier permeability, disturb the night rest, cause fatigue and hormonal disturbances. An increase of the tumours of human head has been described in correlation with the long term mobile phone use and on that side more exposed. The regulations covering mobile telephony are already about two decades old and need re-evaluation. The multitude of irradiation and the interaction of the different wavelength exposures, i.e., frequency sensitivity is poorly known at present. We should not forget the comparative studies of different species especially those which rely in their lives on electromagnetic orientation physiology. Some countries have issued warnings on the exposures of children. The producers of mobile technology have recently warned the users not to keep those devices in active stage in skin contact.     

Elevated atmospheric CO2 and drought effects on leaf gas exchange properties of barley

Atmospheric CO₂ concentration (C_a) is rising, predicted to cause global warming, and alter precipitation patterns. During 1994, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Alexis) was grown in a strip-split-plot experimental design to determine the effects that the main plot C_a treatments [A: Ambient at 370 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹; E: Enriched with free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) at ∼550 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹] had on several gas exchange properties of fully expanded sunlit primary leaves. The interacting strip-split-plot irrigation treatments were Dry or Wet [50% (D) or 100% (W) replacement of potential evapotranspiration] at ample nitrogen (261 kg N ha⁻¹) and phosphorous (29 kg P ha⁻¹) fertility. Elevated C_a facilitated drought avoidance by reducing stomatal conductance (g_s) by 34% that conserved water and enabled stomata to remain open for a longer period into a drought. This resulted in a 28% reduction in drought-induced midafternoon depression in net assimilation rate (A). Elevated C_a increased A by 37% under Dry and 23% under Wet. Any reduction in A under Wet conditions occurred because of nonstomatal limitations, whereas under Dry it occurred because of stomatal limitations. Elevated C_a increased the diurnal integral of A (A′) that resulted in an increase in the seasonal-long integral of A′ (A″) for barley leaves by 12% (P = 0.14) under both Dry and Wet - 650, 730, 905 and 1020 ± 65 g (C) m⁻² y⁻¹ for AD, ED, AW and EW treatments, respectively. Elevated C_a increased season-long average dry weight (DW_S; crown, shoots) by 14% (P = 0.02), whereas deficit irrigation reduced DW_S by 7% (P = 0.06), although these values may have been affected by a short but severe pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)] infestation. Hence, an elevated-C_a-based improvement in gas exchange properties enhanced growth of a barley crop.     

中国人为热变化及其对地表能量平衡的影响

利用人口统计、分布数据及能源消费统计资料,对中国1980~2015年人为热通量（Q_a）的时空变化进行了研究,并将其与地表净太阳辐射（R_n）进行了对比分析,以探讨人为热对不同尺度地表能量平衡的影响.结果表明,在研究时段内,全国平均Q_a呈显著升高趋势（0.11W/m²/10a,P<0.001）,从1980年的0.07W/m²上升到2015年的0.45W/m²,已经约相当于全球工业革命以来CO₂排放引起辐射强迫（1.68W/m²）的27%;其中Q_a高值区（≥ 1.00W/m²）已由1990年的点状分布变为2015年的面状分布,占到全国面积的10%;全国平均R_n的趋势率（0.18W/m²/10a）略大于Q_a,但未通过显著性检验（P=0.381）.对于参与计算的31个省会城市,2015年市区Q_a平均值在1~32W/m²之间,平均达17W/m²,相当于R_n平均值（147W/m²）的12%;在栅格尺度上（0.5min×0.5min）,除拉萨外,其余城市的Q_a像元最大值均超过了120W/m²,已经导致局地的热平衡发生了本质变化.研究认为,人为热释放因素不但需要在城市气候模拟研究中给予更多考虑,而且在全球和区域气候模拟与评价中以及制定气候变化应对策略时也有必要给予充分考虑,以促进全面认识并减缓气温升高.     

沼渣堆肥中Cu和Zn形态与有机官能团特征

以猪粪沼渣和水稻秸秆为原料,采用BCR提取法和同步辐射红外显微成像法研究了沼渣堆肥过程中Cu和Zn形态的变化和有机官能团的原位分布特征.研究发现,沼渣堆肥后Cu和Zn含量分别增加28%和38%.同时,可交换态Cu和Zn比例明显降低,而残渣态Cu和Zn比例普遍升高.同步辐射红外显微成像结果显示,与猪粪沼渣原料相比,堆肥后的沼渣在3400cm^-1处吸收峰强度显著降低,而在1430cm^-1处吸收峰强度明显增加,表明堆肥过程中多糖类物质发生了降解进而形成了芳香类物质.综上,同步辐射红外显微成像技术有望成为表征有机物演变规律及解释重金属形态转化的一个新手段.     

海河流域氮磷面源污染空间特征遥感解析

以MODIS遥感数据为驱动,采用以遥感像元为基本模拟单元的DPeRS（Diffuse pollution estimation with remote semsing）面源污染负荷估算模型,分析了2016年海河流域氮磷面源污染空间分布特征,并对“十三五”《重点流域水污染防治规划》中划定的海河流域172个控制单元进行面源污染优先控制单元分析.结果表明,2016年海河流域总氮（TN）排放量为13.62万t,入河量为2.53万t;总磷（TP）排放量为8152t,入河量为1597t;空间分布上,海河流域中部和南部地区氮磷面源污染较重,其中河北省片区氮磷面源污染物排放量及入河量最大;农田径流型是海河流域氮磷面源污染的主要类型,其次城镇径流影响也较大;筛选出海河流域TN和TP面源污染优先控制单元分别为127和131个,面积占比分别为84.2%和87.0%.     

漫反射光谱手工与机器制样方法测试结果与对比分析

矿物含量及其变化有可能蕴藏着环境信息。赤铁矿和针铁矿是常见的两种化合物,在各种类型的沉积物中基本都有分布。在古气候研究中,赤铁矿和针铁矿的含量变化可以用来指示气候的干湿变化。漫反射光谱方法(DRS)可以进行赤铁矿和针铁矿含量测算,具有灵敏度高、速度快、准确度高等特点。这种方法虽然很实用,但是对于样品量比较大的研究来说,其手工磨样速度比较慢,而用机器研磨则会大幅提高样品制备效率,但是机器研磨是否会对分析结果产生影响尚未有研究报道。本文对30个河流相和湖泊相样品进行了漫反射光谱对比分析实验,发现手工和机器磨样在磁性矿物浓度上的变化趋势基本一致,但是两者之间存在一定的差异。因此,如果研究目的是希望从整体变化趋势来反演气候变化的过程,用机器研磨方法可以达到要求且效率明显提高;如果是进行浓度含量等其它方面的研究,则传统的手工方法是优先选择。     

电子辐照Kapton/Al薄膜力学性能退化规律与机理研究

目的为航天器用Kapton/Al薄膜材料的选用提供数据支撑和高性能Kapton/Al薄膜材料的研制提供理论支持。方法用综合辐照试验装置对Kapton/Al薄膜材料进行电子辐照,用拉力试验机对Kapton/Al薄膜材料开展力学性能拉伸试验,用XPS对其成分和微观结构进行测试分析。结果Kapton/Al薄膜材料的抗拉强度和断裂伸长率随着拉伸速度的增加而降低,随着电子辐照注量的增加呈指数减小,在电子辐照下,薄膜材料分子键发生断裂和交联,C—CO和C—N键断裂发生脱氧和脱氮反应,C—H基团相对含量增大。结论电子辐照将造成Kapton/Al薄膜材料力学性能降低,薄膜材料分子价健的断裂和交联是薄膜力学性能降低的主要原因。     

我国辐射环境监测快速发展中遇到的问题、困难及对策

本文概述了全国辐射环境监测网络的建设及现状情况,梳理了辐射环境监测国控网空气自动监测站、陆地辐射监测点、水体国控监测断面、饮用水源地、地下水监测点、海水监测点、土壤监测点、电磁辐射监测点以及国家重点监管民用核设施监督性监测的设置规模,分析了辐射环境自动监测站、核电厂外围辐射环境监督性监测、核应急监测、辐射监测仪器设备国产化、部分省市委托监测等方面工作上存在的一些技术问题及困难,并针对问题和困难提出了相应的对策措施建议。