Biological exposure models for oil spill impact analysis

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华山松松茎象幼虫的危害及其防治研究

华山松松茎象是南岳景区松树上新发现的一种重要害虫,该虫严重危害华山松和黑松.本文介绍了其幼虫的取食危害特点及防治方法.该虫幼虫取食华山松和黑松的韧皮部,同时取食新鲜的松脂,越冬后的幼虫仅靠取食新鲜松脂就能正常发育,并化蛹、羽化.单株虫口数量与松树树干基部直径呈明显正相关,即树干基部直径在10.0~20.0 cm 、20.1~25.0 cm 、25.1~35.0 cm之间的松树,平均单株有虫数量分别为1.0头株-1、1.98头株-1和3.30头.株-1.在5~10月间,采用人工清除幼虫的方法可有效地控制该虫的危害,采用化学药剂防治该虫效果不明显.     

Spatiotemporal distribution of caddis fly larvae <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aethaloptera evanescens</Emphasis> MacLachlan, 1880 (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in the Selenga River

Data on the occurrence, abundance, and biomass of caddis fly larvae Aethaloptera evanescens in the Selenga during the ice periods of 1987–2005 are presented. These insect larvae prefer river stretches with a gravel-sand ground, flow rate of 0.3–0.4 m/s, and depth of 2–3 m. Probable factors determining their distribution in the Selenga in recent years are a considerable drop of water level in the river (1995–2005), the improvement of hydrochemical conditions, and the presence of suspended and drifting erosion materials entering the river as a consequence of sand-gravel mixture excavation between 1980 and 1990.     

洋山深水港水域鱼卵仔鱼分布特征

根据2001年5、8月和2003～2005年间5月和8月分别对洋山港航道水域20个定点测站进行的鱼卵仔鱼调查资料,着重就水域鱼卵仔鱼的数量时空分布和种类组成的年际变化特征与洋山港工程建设产生的环境影响的关系作了分析和探讨.结果表明:鱼卵仔鱼隶属6目19科25种,另有2种未定种.种类数以2005年最高,2004年与2003年持平.2003年和2005年鱼卵仔鱼的种类数比工程前期的2001年有所减少,2004年则与之持平.鱼卵仔鱼的数量年际变化较大,2003年和2005年鱼卵数量均低于2001年,2004年则要高于2001年;仔鱼数量上,2003～2005年均明显低于2001年.从区域分布看,航道区鱼卵仔鱼数量密度最高,其次为港口区,大桥区的数量密度最低.港口航道的开挖建设,其疏浚后海底地形的改变会导致水动力条件的变化而产生泥沙回淤,加上抛泥作业产生的悬浮物对鱼类特别是游泳能力较弱的仔、稚幼鱼会造成不同程度的危害.由于施工造成局部地区的流场和生态有较大改变,使得某些不适应环境变化的亲鱼群体逃离或生殖能力下降,代之以适应能力较强的种群,最终导致优势种群结构的改变较明显.随着工程建设进度的开展,影响程度逐渐趋缓.     

烤鳗废油的利用现状及其开发展望

本文对鳗鱼油的利用价值和利用现状进行了评价和回顾，提出了烤鳗废油利用中亟需解决的几个技术问题，并对烤鳗废油利用的开发前景进行了展望。     

三峡水库支流小江鱼类早期资源现状

分别于2017年和2018年的5—7月在三峡库区支流小江渠口断面开展鱼类早期资源监测,以了解小江变动回水区鱼类早期资源现状。监测结果表明:共采集到7种产漂流性卵鱼类的鱼卵以及7种仔鱼;采集的鱼卵以似鳊(Pseudobrama simoni)、银(Squalidus argentatus)、翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)和蒙古鲌(Culter mongolicus)为主,而仔鱼则以子陵吻虎鱼(Rhinogobius giurinus)为主;不同年份主要产卵活动发生的时间存在差异;小江渠口镇铺溪村至汉丰湖调节坝之间江段共分布集中产卵场3处。小江变动回水区江段是产漂流性卵鱼类产卵场的分布区域,建议加强该江段生境和鱼类资源保护管理。     

Effects of sublethal exposure to a pesticide on levels of energetic compounds in Anguilla anguilla.

Abstract

The effect of two sublethal fenitrothion concentrations (0.02 and 0.04 mg/L) on the energy metabolism of the european eel Anguilla anguilla and its recovery from intoxication was investigated. Analysis of various parameters such as glycogen, proteins and total lipids was made on liver and muscle eel tissues after 2, 8, 12, 24, 32, 48, 56, 72 and 96 hr of fenitrothion (0,0‐dimethyl 0–3‐methyl‐4‐nitrophenyl phosphorothioate) exposure. Subsequently, the fish were allowed recovery periods of 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 144 and 192 hr in clean water, and the same parameters were again evaluated. The results obtained during the exposure to the pesticide as well as during the recovery phase were used to calculate the caloric content in both tissues of A. anguilla. A reduction in energy reserves in the selected tissues was observed after exposure to both fenitrothion concentrations and the caloric content in those animals was lower than in the controls. Most of the metabolic disorders did not persist after allowing recovery in clean water during a week.     

4-n-Nonylphenol and 17-β estradiol may induce common DNA effects in developing barnacle larvae

There is a growing concern over the potential effects of environmental endocrine disrupters on both human and wildlife populations. However, to date, minimal research has been conducted to determine the effect of estrogens and xenoestrogens at the DNA level. In this study, we used the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay to evaluate the effects on the genomic DNA of barnacle larvae that had been exposed to 17β-estradiol (E₂) and low concentrations of 4-n-nonylphenol (NP). DNA effects include DNA damage as well as mutations and possibly other effects at the DNA level that can be induced by chemical or physical agents that directly and/or indirectly interact with genomic DNA. Not only did exposure to NP and E₂ induce changes in RAPD profiles in the exposed barnacle larvae when compared to control patterns, but also, and more importantly, there were similarities in the RAPD modifications in the exposed populations that had been treated to either chemical. We propose that NP and E₂ induced some common DNA effects in barnacle larvae and that these specific modifications in RAPD patterns may arise as a consequence of hot spot DNA damage (e.g. DNA adducts) and/or mutations (point mutations or genomic rearrangements). This could help to explain how xenoestrogens mimic the effects produced by natural estrogens. In conclusion, in the field of endocrine disruption, the study of DNA effects induced by estrogens and/or xenoestrogens warrants further investigation. Indeed, changes at the DNA level may be the precursors of some of the numerous effects reported at higher levels of biological organisation such as the feminization of males, developmental abnormalities, and infertility.     

Heavy metals and pesticides in anuran spawn and tadpoles,water, and sediment

High concentrations of metals (cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc) and of lindane were measured in the sediment and in the spawn and tadpoles of Bufo bufo, Rana dalmatina, and Rana ridibunda from two Austrian locations. Residues in spawn suggest maternal transfer. Increase of the metal concentrations from spawn to advanced tadpole stage is explained by the larval microphaguous feeding habits which cause high exposition of the tadpoles to substances concentrating in sediments and suspended particles. Metal and pesticide concentrations in spawn and tadpoles are toxic to various other aquatic organisms and are furthermore considered to be potentially hazardous to the anurans themselves. The results are conform with world‐wide observations of contamination of anuran larvae with heavy metals, and prove the significance of non‐point source chemical exposure due to allochthonous toxicant input by wind load and precipitation.     

吡虫啉对蜜蜂幼虫的室内毒性研究

吡虫啉是目前使用最广泛的新烟碱类农药,其不合理使用破坏蜜蜂的嗅觉记忆能力,影响采集行为,导致多种亚致死效应。利用室内人工饲养蜜蜂幼虫技术,选取意大利蜜蜂幼虫为研究对象,经3 d适应性饲养后,连续3 d喂食含不同浓度的吡虫啉日粮,测定蜜蜂幼虫的存活率、化蛹率和羽化率,评估吡虫啉对蜜蜂幼虫生长发育影响。结果表明,吡虫啉处理剂量为15ng·幼虫~(-1)时,并不影响蜜蜂幼虫存活率、化蛹率和羽化率;当处理剂量达到150 ng·幼虫~(-1)时,蜜蜂幼虫羽化率下降,但不影响蜜蜂幼虫的存活率和化蛹率;幼虫7 d半数致死剂量为2 300 ng·幼虫~(-1)。高剂量吡虫啉对蜜蜂幼虫存活率、化蛹率和羽化率均存在影响,处理剂量越高,存活率、化蛹率和羽化率越低,呈高度负相关(r=-0.99,-0.94,-0.89),同时蜜蜂幼虫的羽化时间延长。研究可为吡虫啉的合理使用提供科学参考。