土壤多环芳烃污染根际修复研究进展

多环芳烃(polycyclicaromatichydrocarbons,PAHs)是环境中普遍存在的具有代表性的一类重要持久性有机污染物,具“三致性”、难降解性,在土壤环境中不断积累,严重危害着土壤的生产和生态功能、农产品质量和人类健康。修复土壤多环芳烃污染已成为研究的焦点。根际修复是利用植物-微生物和根际环境降解有机污染物的复合生物修复技术,是目前最具潜力的土壤生物修复技术之一。对国内外学者近年来在土壤多环芳烃污染根际修复的效果、根际修复机理和根际修复的影响因素方面的研究进展作了较系统的综述,并分别分析了单作体系、混作体系、多进程根际修复系统和接种植物生长促进菌根际修复系统对土壤多环芳烃的修复效果。指出根际环境对PAHs的修复主要有3种机制:根系直接吸收和代谢PAHs;植物根系释放酶和分泌物去除PAHs,增加根际微生物数量,提高其活性,强化微生物群体降解PAHs。并讨论了影响根际修复PAHs的环境因素如植物、土壤类型、PAHs理化性质、菌根真菌以及表面活性剂等。植物-表面活性剂结合的根际修复技术、PAHs胁迫下根际的动态调节过程、运用分子生物学技术并结合植物根分泌物的特异性筛选高效修复植物以及植物富集的PAHs代谢产物进行跟踪与风险评价将成为未来研究的主流。     

A review of the chemical ecology of the Cerambycidae (Coleoptera)

Summary. This review summarizes the literature related to the chemical ecology of the Cerambycidae and provides a brief overview of cerambycid biology, ecology, economic significance, and management. Beetles in the family Cerambycidae have assumed increasing prominence as pests of forest and shade trees, shrubs, and raw wood products, and as vectors of tree diseases. Exotic species associated with solid wood packing materials have been notable tree killers in North American urban and peri-urban forests. In forested ecosystems native species respond to disturbances such as fires and windstorms, and initiate the biodeterioration of woody tissue. Eggs are laid by females, on or through the bark surface of stem and branch tissue of moribund, recently killed or decomposing woody plants; larval cerambycids (roundheaded woodborers) typically feed in the phloem and later in the xylem. Females will also, in some cases, select living hosts, e.g. adult conifer and angiosperm trees, for oviposition. Research on the chemical ecology of over 70 species has revealed many examples of attractive kairomones (such as floral volatiles, smoke volatiles, trunk and leaf volatiles, and bark beetle pheromones), repellents and deterrents, oviposition stimulants, short- and long-range sex pheromones, and defensive substances. Emerging generalities are that attractants tend to be monoterpenoids and phenolic esters; oviposition stimulants are monoterpenoids and flavanoids; short-range sex pheromones are female-produced, methyl-branched cuticular hydrocarbons; and long-range sex pheromones are male-produced -hydroxy ketones and (,)-diols ranging in length from 6 to 10 carbons. The latter compounds appear to originate from glands in the male thorax; putative defensive substances originate from metasternal secretory pores or mandibular glands. In one unusual case, a flightless, subterranean female that attacks sugar cane produces a sex pheromone that is derived from the amino acid isoleucine. With significantly more than 35,000 species of Cerambycidae worldwide, these generalities will be subject to change as more species are examined. Addendum The authors would like to point out that the electronic version is more accurate than the printed version.     

Chemical camouflage by myrmecophilous beetles Zyras comes (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) and Diaritiger fossulatus (Coleoptera: Pselaphidae) to be integrated into the nest of Lasius fuliginosus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Summary. The myrmecophilous beetles, Zyras comes (Staphylinidae) and Diaritiger fossulatus (Pselaphidae) are guests of the black shining ant Lasius fuliginosus. Host worker ants never attacked these beetles, and often gave regurgitant to Z. comes following tactile communication with the beetle. By contrast, the workers from colonies without the myrmecophiles showed hostile responses towards Z. comes before tactile contact, but were not aware of D. fossulatus until contact. In L. fuliginosus, workers within a colony shared profiles, but the profiles differed among colonies. GC analyses showed that both Z. comes and D. fossulatus beetles had the same hydrocarbons as L. fuliginosus, and the profiles were more similar to those of the host colony workers than the foreign workers. Both Z. comes and D. fossulatus appear to imitate the hydrocarbon profile of their host workers, allowing integrating into the host nest. A Y-maze bioassay indicated that Z. comes can follow the trail pheromone of L. fuliginosus. This suggests that Z. comes may detect other chemical signals of L. fuliginosus to keep closer interactions with the workers. Received 22 June 2001; accepted 12 November 2001.     

绿色食品产地土壤中PAHs测定方法研究

对绿色食品产地土壤中多环芳烃的气相色谱质谱联用分析法进行了研究。样品经索氏提取后硅胶氧化铝复合柱净化,最后用GC/MS内标法进行定性定量分析。方法相关系数除苯并(a,h)蒽的相关系数R2=0.9970外,其余目标化合物的相关系数R2均大于0.9991,各化合物线性关系良好。方法加标回收率大多在70%至90%间,各目标化合物的方法检测限为2.2～40ng/kg。     

土壤和地下水中多环芳烃生物降解研究进展

多环芳烃是一类普遍存在于环境中的难降解的危险性"三致"有机污染物。受污染的土壤和地下水中的多环芳烃,生物降解是其归宿的主要途径。研究表明,对于土壤中低分子量多环芳烃类化合物,微生物一般以唯一碳源方式代谢;而大多数细菌和真菌对四环或四环以上的多环芳烃的降解作用一般以共代谢方式开始。文章重点论述了多环芳烃的来源、降解多环芳烃的微生物、生物降解机理、影响生物降解的因素以及生物修复方法。认为今后的研究方向是高分子量多环芳烃的降解机理与降解途径,基因工程技术在多环芳烃生物降解方面的应用,以及生物表面活性剂产生的机理及其在实际处理中的应用等。     

Survey of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in arterial street air of Hangzhou

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上海南汇潮滩表层中多环芳烃分布特征及环境意义

利用ＧＣ／ＭＳ分析了上海南汇淤泥质潮滩６，８两月表层沉积物中有机污染物多环芳烃，结果表明，该区在６月和８月８潮滩中ＰＡＨ组化芘，苯并芘及黄蒽具有较高的含量，并且在ＰＡＨ总量中所占比重也产大，在潮滩沉积物中已呈明显富集的趋势。     

室内空气中多环芳烃的污染特征、来源及影响因素分析

采集并测定了杭州市8户家庭中具有代表性的多环芳烃，测得居民室内空气中12种PAHs平均浓度为1.91-29.08μg/m^3,BaP浓度为5－19ng/m^3，污染十分严重，受季节及通风条件等的影响，室内空气中PAHs浓度变化较大，居民室内空气中萘主要来源于卫生球的挥发，其余PAHs主要来自燃烧，而BaP主要来自室内吸烟。     

我国一些城市污泥中多环芳烃(PAHs)的研究

应用GC／MS对我国内地和香港地区共11个城市污泥中的17种多环芳烃化合物（PAHs）进行了研究，各城市污泥中∑PAHs的含量在2．271－143．804mg/lg之间，依次为兰州污泥＞珠海污泥＞北京污泥＞广州污泥＞佛山污泥＞无锡污泥＞沙田污泥（香港）＞元朗污泥（香港）＞大埔污泥（香港）＞西安污染＞深圳污泥，含量较高的化合物主要是蒽、荧蒽、苯并（a）蒽和屈等，珠海污泥和北京污泥的苯并(a）芘含量超过我国城市污泥农用标准，各化合物的最高含量分别分布在兰州污泥、珠海污泥、北京污泥和广州污泥中，各城市污泥中的PAHs具有不同的分布特征，均以少数化合物为主，主要是3和4个苯环的化合物，2、5和6个苯环的化合物含量普遍较低。     

Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using a high performance-single particle aerosol mass spectrometer

The real-time detection of the mixing states of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs in ambient particles is of great significance for analyzing the source, aging process, and health effects of PAHs and nitro-PAHs; yet there is still few effective technology to achieve this type of detection. In this study, 11 types of PAH and nitro-PAH standard samples were analyzed using a high performance-single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (HP-SPAMS) in lab studies. The identification principles ‘parent ions’ and ‘mass-to-charge (m/z) = 77’ of each compound were obtained in this study. It was found that different laser energies did not affect the identification of the parent ions. The comparative experiments of ambient atmospheric particles, cooking and biomass burning emitted particles with and without the addition of PAHs were conducted and ruled out the interferences from primary and secondary organics on the identification of PAHs. Besides, the reliability of the characteristic ions extraction method was evaluated through the comparative study of similarity algorithm and deep learning algorithm. In addition, the real PAH-containing particles from vehicle exhaust emissions and ambient particles were also analyzed. This study improves the ability of single particle mass spectrometry technology to detect PAHs and nitro-PAHs, and HP-SPAMS was superior to SPAMS for detecting single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs. This study provides support for subsequent ambient observations to identify the characteristic spectrum of single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs.