太原市焦炉工人尿中多种羟基多环芳烃浓度水平

以我国北方城市—太原市60名焦炉工人(男女人数比为2:1,年龄:40~50岁)为研究人群,分别在采暖期(2009年12月)和非采暖期(2009年9月)收集其工作8h的班前和班后尿液,同时以该市郊区60名农民为对照组,并统一采用问卷的方式收集其年龄、性别、工种、职业史、疾病史等信息,通过酶水解-高效液相色谱法分析测定尿样中6种OH-PAHs的浓度水平.该焦炉工人尿液中2-OHNap、2-OHFlu、3-OHPhe、9-OHPhe、1-OHPy和3-OHBap的平均浓度水平均高于对照组,分别为19.83、5.63、2.05、1.75、1.67和0.23μmol/mol肌酐,各OH-PAHs的浓度水平依次为2-OHNap>2-OHFlu> ∑-OHPhe(3-OHPhe+9-OHPhe)>1-OHPy>3-OHBap;男性尿液中OH-PAHs的浓度水平高于女性,采暖期的浓度水平高于非采暖期,但季节差异不大;焦炉工人尿中各OH-PAHs的浓度水平呈炉顶工>炉侧工>炉底工>对照组的趋势;焦炉工人在8h班后尿中各OH-PAHs的浓度水平均高于班前水平,其中高环的3-OHBap的浓度增加量最高,比班前增加了55%.焦炉工人尿液中的OH-PAHs的浓度水平与外暴露存在着正比关系,因此,建议进一步开展焦炉工人外暴露水平和内暴露水平之间关系的研究.     

我国典型城市冬季龙头水中卤代酚类嗅味污染特征

为研究我国典型城市冬季龙头水中卤代酚类嗅味暴露特征,以8种典型卤代酚类嗅味物质为研究对象,采用固相微萃取预处理,结合气相色谱-质谱联用仪对全国22个典型城市龙头水中的卤代酚类嗅味污染物进行定性、定量分析. 结果表明:在我国冬季典型城市龙头水中普遍存在卤代酚类嗅味物质暴露问题. 其中,以4-氯酚的暴露浓度最大,ρ(4-氯酚)最高为3 526.24 ng/L,ρ(2-氯酚)和ρ(2-溴酚)较小,最大暴露值均小于100 ng/L;ρ(2,6-二溴酚)与ρ(2,6-二氯酚)在各典型城市普遍出现超嗅阈值现象;就调查的城市而言,东北地区污染最为严重,其次为华北地区,中南和西部地区嗅味物质污染及超嗅阈值现象相对较轻.      

表面改性秸秆生物质环境材料对水中PAHs的吸附性能

300~700℃下热解炭化芝麻秸秆8h后,再用H3PO4溶液进行表面改性,制备了芝麻秸秆生物质环境材料.测定了生物质环境材料比表面积及其对亚甲基蓝和碘的吸附能力,并以多环芳烃(PAHs)为目标污染物,探讨了生物质环境材料对水中不同固液比(0.01g/32ml和0.02g/32mL)下单一PAHs菲以及复合PAHs萘、苊、菲的吸附性能.结果表明,随热解温度升高,秸秆生物质环境材料比表面积增大,对碘和亚甲基蓝的吸附能力也增强,700°C时比表面积、碘值和亚甲基蓝吸附值的最大值分别为269.95m2/g、434mg/g和150mg/g.生物质环境材料吸附水中PAHs的能力强,700℃时0.01g材料对32mL水中萘、苊、菲的去除率分别高达94.44%、95.47%和100%,均比相同条件下未经H3PO4改性的秸秆生物质环境材料高.     

渤海湾潮间带表层沉积物中多环芳烃的含量分布和生态风险

在渤海湾天津段潮间带及邻近区域的主要入海河流和近海采集86个表层沉积物样品,通过GC/MS对16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量进行分析,结果表明:潮间带44个样品的PAHs平均含量为(140.0±84.1)ng/g,与近海样品的PAHs含量[(161.6±38.7)ng/g, n=26]相当,但远低于河流样品的PAHs含量[(452.7±206.0)ng/g, n=13];潮间带样品的PAHs含量呈现“北区高南区低”(以天津港码头为界)的空间分布特征,与该区域沉积物粒度及黑碳和总有机碳的含量呈现显著的相关性;从PAHs的组成上可以显示潮间带沉积环境具有一定的特殊性;潮间带样品PAHs的BaP毒性当量含量平均为(24.5±21.1)ng/g;根据加拿大魁北克省海洋沉积物中PAHs的质量评估标准,渤海湾表层沉积物中PAHs的污染具有一定的生态风险.     

国Ⅳ柴油机颗粒物与颗粒态多环芳烃排放特征

针对一台轻型柴油机,采用国Ⅳ柴油,在不使用和使用后处理装置的条件下,进行ESC循环工况(分别记为ESC-0、ESC-DP)和ETC循环工况(分别记为ETC-0、ETC-DP)下的发动机台架测试.每次测试用一对滤膜采集颗粒物,采样前后分别称重以确定颗粒物质量,进而计算排放因子.用气相色谱-质谱联机(GC-MS)分别分析每张滤膜上颗粒物的多环芳烃(PAHs)组分.ESC-0、ESC-DP、ETC-0、ETC-DP的颗粒物排放因子分别为0.12,0.05,0.48,0.16 g/(kW·h);相应的PAHs排放因子分别为69,35,174,76 μg/(kW·h).后处理分别使颗粒物和PAHs减排56%~68%和49%~56%.总PAHs中,三环PAHs占比重最大(64%±9%).PHE在总PAHs中占比重最大(54%±9%).PAHs的分布与其物理化学特性、柴油中的芳烃含量有关.PAHs特征比值FA/(FA+PY)为0.37~0.51.     

太湖胥口湾表层水和沉积物中多环芳烃的浓度水平及生态风险

多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)是环境中普遍存在的稠环类化合物,由于其对人体健康和生态环境产生较大危害,美国环保局将16种PAHs列为优先控制的污染物。PAHs也是太湖流域的主要污染物之一。作为华东地区的重要水系和水源地,研究太湖环境质量的变化对改善太湖流域水生生态系统和提高沿岸居民身体健康具有重要意义。论文研究了太湖胥口湾水域表层水和沉积物的PAHs。结果显示,表层水和沉积物的PAHs总浓度分别为7.2~83 ng·L~(-1)和66~620ng·g~(-1)干重;年均值为29 ng·L~(-1)和218 ng·g~(-1)干重;年均毒性当量浓度为2.4 ng·L~(-1)和28 ng·g~(-1)干重。沉积物中的主要污染物为荧蒽、芘和,影响毒性当量浓度的主要是苯并(a)芘和二苯并(a,h)蒽。4环PAHs在沉积物中占主要,其浓度百分比为44%~48%,而5环PAHs则占毒性当量总浓度的90%以上,说明其危害主要来自5环PAHs。PAHs特征化合物比值分析表明,胥口湾沉积物中PAHs主要来源于煤和木材燃烧,表层水大部分为燃烧和石油的混合来源。污染水平的时空变化特点为丰水期(8月)表层水PAHs浓度偏高,沉积物偏低。湖区和湖岸的PAHs浓度只在丰水期有显著差异,表层水PAHs浓度湖区高于湖岸,沉积物相反;其他时期湖区和湖岸PAHs浓度无显著差异。根据加拿大沉积物环境质量标准,胥口湾整体生态风险水平较低。从时空分布特征来看,个别生态风险较高的点主要分布在湖岸,5月平水期可能是沉积物中PAHs生态风险较高的频发期。     

曹妃甸和黄骅港近岸海域表层水体中PAHs的分布、来源及风险评价

曹妃甸和黄骅港是河北省近海工业布局和港口分布较密集的区域,对其近岸海域海水水质进行监测具有重要意义。2014年9月采集研究区近岸海域表层海水,并利用GC-MS对其中16种优先控制PAHs进行测定。结果表明,曹妃甸和黄骅港近岸海域表层海水中∑PAHs含量分别为52.6~192.1 ng·L~(-1)和85.4~156 ng·L~(-1),平均含量分别为74.59 ng·L~(-1)和121.45 ng·L~(-1)。黄骅港近岸海域∑PAHs含量高于曹妃甸近岸海域的含量,但PAHs的种类没有差异。对比其他研究区域水体中PAHs的含量,本区域表层海水中PAHs的含量处于中等水平,属于轻污染。异构体比值结合该区域现状分析初步判断,研究区表层海水中PAHs来源于石油污染和煤、生物质等的燃烧。应用风险商值法(RQ)对研究区域表层海水中PAHs的生态风险进行评价,结果表明该海域存在低生态风险,需采取措施控制PAHs的污染。     

采用实验和密度泛函理论计算揭示吸光性环境介质对多环芳烃光降解的影响机制

多环芳烃(PAHs)在环境中的光降解动力学受环境介质吸光组分的影响.为揭示介质吸光组分对PAHs光降解影响的内在机制,以吸光很弱的甲醇和吸光较强的丙酮和二甲基亚砜(DMSO)为模拟环境介质,考察不同吸光性溶剂介质对3种PAHs(菲、芘和苯并[a]芘)光解的影响;并采用密度泛函理论(DFT)计算,分析了溶剂分子光敏化能量/电子转移反应对PAHs光解的影响机制.结果表明,激发态的丙酮分子抑制了菲和芘的光解,而加快了苯并[a]芘的光解;激发态的DMSO分子抑制了菲的光解,促进了芘和苯并[a]芘的光解.过滤掉DMSO所吸收的部分光谱频段后,PAHs在DMSO中的光解速率与甲醇中的接近.DFT计算表明,激发态的丙酮或DMSO主要作为电子受体与PAHs发生光敏化电子转移反应,是影响PAHs光解的内在原因.     

Chemical characterization of Tan‐Sui River sediment in North Taiwan

Surface sediment samples from four downstream sites of Tan‐Sui River in Taipei metropolitan area were collected from 1997 to 1999. The semivolatile organic pollutants present in the sediments were screened by GC/MSD. Several target compounds including sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), seven chlorobenzenes, two phthalates and the total amount of C8‐C32 aliphatic hydrocarbons were quantified. The concentration of the 16 PAHs ranges from 0.21 to 5.69 μg/g of which fluoranthene, pyrene and phenanthrene were the highest. The concentration of the total chlorobenzenes ranged from 0.04 to 5.85 μg/g. The concentration of bis(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate ranges from 3.8 to 35.3 μg/g and that of the total C8‐C32 aliphatic hydrocarbons ranges from 0.94 to 10.6 μg/g. Some of these values are higher than similar sediment survey in Japan in the eighties. The concentration of bis(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate is much higher than the no‐effect level (0.184 μg/g) set by McDonald. Some of the PAHs have already reached the level of biological effects. As compared with the sediment samples collected from Tou‐Chien River and Pu‐Ze River located at the west of Taiwan, the chlorobenzene concentrations of sediments in Tan‐Sui River are 5–6 times higher, the PAHs are 6–10 times higher and the phthalates are 11–20 times higher. Nonylphenol was also commonly found in the Tan‐Sui River sediment. There is a decreasing tendency of PAHs and phthalates concentration from surface to bottom for the core sample at Taipei Bridge site. Such tendency is less obvious for chlorobenzenes.     

Dependency of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations on particle size distribution in Tehran atmosphere

In this work, the airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 µm (PM₁₀) was fractionated in a six-stage high-volume cascade impactor to identify particulate size distribution in Tehran atmosphere. The study was conducted at 15 sites located in the north, south, east, west, and central parts of Tehran in 2005. Air samples were analyzed for 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by HPLC. The daily PM₁₀ concentrations at the peak of traffic in roadside areas were found to be 106–560 µg m^?3. The cumulated concentration sum of PAHs, based on 16 species, was found to have an average concentration of 380 ng m^?3. Furthermore, it was found that more than 60% of PAHs belonged to the small particulate size range, having sizes of less than 0.49 µm, some containing benzo(ghi)perylene and indeno(123cd)pyrene (high molecular weight) with average concentrations of 8 and 6 ng m^?3 and fluorene, phenanthrene, and fluoranthene (low molecular weight) with average concentrations of 14, 13, and 19 ng m^?3, respectively. In addition, the results revealed that the lighter three- and four-ring PAH compounds were the most abundant pollutants in the air collected at all the sampling sites.