南城子水库面源污染预测及控制

通过对南城子水库面源污染的调查和对监测结果的分析,预测了全流域面源污染入库量及对水库水质的污染程度,并提出了面源污染的控制方案。     

三峡工程蓄水前后长江口水域营养盐结构及限制特征

根据2002～2004年11月对长江口及其邻近海域的调查结果,比较了三峡工程蓄水前后该海域溶解态营养盐结构以及浮游植物生长潜在的营养盐限制状况,初步分析了导致蓄水前后营养盐结构及限制状况变化的可能原因.结果表明,蓄水后口门内N∶P和Si∶P呈上升的趋势,N∶P增加了40％以上,Si∶P上升了6％,而Si∶N降低了26％.蓄水后口门外营养盐结构的变化趋势与口门内相似,但N∶P升高更为显著,与蓄水前相比增加了2倍以上,但Si∶N降低了20％.该水域浮游植物生长潜在的磷限制在三峡蓄水后增强.具有磷限制特征的样品比例从蓄水前的28.6%增加到蓄水后的70%以上,表明该海域潜在的磷限制区域有扩大的趋势.尽管蓄水后Si∶N降低显著,但未导致该水域出现潜在的硅限制.     

柳州以酸雨治理促城市生态转型--柳州市以环保促经济升级城市转型服务民生的示范作用

柳州市这个“十雨九酸”的工业城市在经济升级、城市转型的过程中,完美实现了向“生态宜居”城市的战略转变。1994年国家有关部门把柳州市酸雨治理列为第四批日本海外经济协力基金贷款项目。这一项目开启城市环境治理新纪元,带动柳州经济发展方式的转变,促进柳州从“污染城市”到“创建环保模范城市”的跨越,“贷”动了柳州是从政府部门环保对策、城市环保质量到公众环保意识的全面提升,助力酸雨柳州的生态转变,在西部地区经济与环境协调发展和促进资源节约型和环境友好型工业城市发展方面具有重要的示范作用。     

洪湖演变的驱动力及其生态保护对策分析

阐述了洪湖的形成与演变历程,总结了洪湖演变的主要驱动力及其作用机制,认为地质活动和长江泛滥奠定了洪湖的成湖基础;古气候环境推动了洪湖面积变化和沼泽化过程;近代人类活动进一步加剧了洪湖生态环境的退化;三峡工程会促进洪湖生态环境的恢复,但也可能加剧洪湖的淤积。在此基础上,提出了洪湖保护的对策：完善立法,加强管理;深入开展湿地保护宣传教育,提高群众保护意识;在保护优先前提下,对洪湖资源进行适当开发利用;逐步实施包括洪湖通江在内的生态恢复措施;加强洪湖生态需水的研究,积极应对三峡工程的影响。     

Governmentality within China's South-North Water Transfer Project: tournaments,markets and water pollution

The control of water pollution in China's South-North Water Transfer Project (SNWTP) is examined through the lens of promotion tournaments as Chinese governmentality to offer a special perspective on China's hydro-politics and Chinese manners of water pollution control. This paper characterizes the existing form of governmentality in the SNWTP, pointing to its problems and potential resolutions. The promotion tournament is a market system with authoritarian control, designed to reconcile the incentives of local officials and the central managers of the SNWTP. This governmentality embodies characteristics of China's authoritarian water management system: centralized personnel control combined with market-oriented promotion competitions. However, a clear conflict between the requirements of ecological modernization and the use of power in China's water management system leads to distorted behaviors among local officials, an important source of problems in China's water management system. Compared to promotion tournaments, payments for ecosystem services or eco-compensation are applications of neoliberal environmentalism that could overcome the shortcomings of tournaments, and become the most critical governmentality for water pollution control in the SNWTP.     

Identification and ranking of the risky organic contaminants in the source water of the Danjiangkou reservoir

The Danjiangkou reservoir was selected to provide the source water for the middle routes of the South to North Water Transfer Project, which has provoked many environmental concerns. To date, investigations of water contamination of the source water of the Danjiangkou reservoir with organic micro-pollutants have been limited. This study was conducted to identify and rank organic contaminants that pose risks in the Danjiangkou reservoir. To this end, the Chemical Hazard Evaluation and Manage- ment Strategies （CHEMS-1） approach was adapted to integrate the deconvolution technology of qualitative identifying contaminants for site-specific environmental matrices. The samples were screened for the presence of 1093 contaminants using deconvolution technologies and the hazard values of the identified contaminants were calculated using the adapted CHEMS-1 approach accord- ing to their hazardous properties and occurrence in source water. The results showed that 46 contaminants from 1093 targets were present in Danjiangkou water, 23 of which appeared at frequencies higher than 50%, and 15 of which were identified as priorities. Over half （53%） of the high- ranked contaminants were polycyclic aromatic hydrocar- bons （PAHs）, with chrysene ranked highest on the list. Health risk assessment of the top-ranked PAHs was conducted and revealed that cancer risks of PAHs detected in the source water of Danjiangkou to different populations ranged from 10-7 to 104, indicating a low cancer risk to consumers. The results of this study indicated that the adapted CHEMS-1 approach was feasible for site-specific screening of organic contaminants to identify and rank potential priority pollutants.     

三峡工程对洞庭湖水力梯度及其湿地植物生长的影响

水力梯度是制约洞庭湖湿地植物生长的主要因素.通过分析三峡水库运行前后洞庭湖水力梯度的变化来研究其对洞庭湖湿地植物的影响,能为该区植物多样性及退化生态系统的恢复提供科学依据.研究表明,三峡工程的运行不同程度上降低了洞庭湖的水力梯度,且枯水期的影响大于丰水期.其中东洞庭湖受其影响最为明显,特别是在4月和10月,洞庭湖其他地段水力梯度变化较为平稳.三峡工程对洞庭湖湿地植物的影响是枯水期大于丰水期,除了4月和5月对洞庭湖湿地植物的生长产生不利的影响外,其他月份有着有利的影响或影响不大.     

Investigation of stakeholders' awareness and adoption of Inherently Safer Design (ISD) principles in South African utility industry projects

The paper examines the level of awareness of stakeholders in adopting Inherently Safer Design (ISD) principles in the Project Life Cycle Management (PLCM) of South African Energy utility projects. It seeks to understand whether stakeholders in the latter stages of the Project Life Cycle are competent to make design change decisions on these projects. ISD principles are essentially useful for reducing risks and as such, safety experts have acknowledged it as an excellent approach in the design process. However, there are no known efforts to date that attempt to integrate ISD concepts into PLCM. This paper seeks to fill this gap. This study, through the review of extant literature establishes that ISD principles can be used in project procurement, and adopts a quantitative survey approach in obtaining information from stakeholders in the South African utility industry. Findings reveal that the principles of inherent safety are permeating into the management of South African utility projects but the level of awareness and its adoption are below optimal levels. It also emerged that there is a divergent awareness of ISD strategies amongst PLCM stakeholders and that the design engineers are better informed about the ISD approach of eliminating risks and hazards in the industrial systems studied than other stakeholders. The findings also indicate that the level of awareness of stakeholders of ISD principles is greater within earlier project phases. Based on these findings, the paper concludes that the hazards witnessed within the project execution and finalization phases could be as a result of the low levels of awareness, divergent views and lower use of ISD strategies by PLCM stakeholders. It is suggested that the level of awareness of the principles, concepts, basics and benefits of integrating ISD into PLCM be raised amongst stakeholders functioning within utility industry project procurement in South Africa and that design changes be limited to the earlier phases of utility project procurement.     

退耕还林工程对四川盆周低山丘陵区生态系统服务价值的影响——以洪雅县为例

退耕还林工程是我国实施的重点林业生态工程。以四川盆周低山丘陵区退耕还林工程重点示范县洪雅县为研究对象,基于遥感和地理信息系统技术,参照中国陆地生态系统单位面积生态系统服务价值当量表,结合研究区粮食平均产量和收购价格,分析了退耕还林前(1994-1999年)、后(1999-2007年)的生态系统服务价值变化,探讨了退耕还林工程对生态系统服务价值的影响。结果表明:退耕还林工程在一定程度上使土地利用程度呈减弱趋势,土地利用处于衰退阶段;退耕前,生态系统服务价值变化不明显;退耕后,生态系统服务价值发生显著变化,总生态系统服务价值增加2.90×10⁸元,可能是由于退耕还林使耕地生态系统服务价值降低,林地生态系统服务价值增加;各项生态功能服务价值中,食物生产功能价值下降,其它各项功能价值上升,以水源涵养功能上升最大,水源涵养价值增加0.78×10⁸元;敏感性分析表明,研究区生态系统服务价值对生态系统服务价值系数变化缺乏弹性,研究结果具有稳定性。     

引滦工程上游浮游植物及其水质评价

对引滦入津工程沿线上游水域进行浮游植物种类区系组成、现存量(密度、生物量)及分布等内容进行了调查研究,并结合历史资料和国内相似水体研究结果的分析,对调查水域进行了水生态环境质量评价。结果表明,调查水域整体上可初步划定为中营养型,水质状况尚好。但下游的潘家口和大黑汀水库网箱养鱼的发展一定程度上影响了局部水域,由此引起的水体富营养化趋势应引起足够的重视。