被动采样法表征降水离子浓度和通量的局限性

降水(湿沉降)是大气污染物进入地表环境的主要途径,由于传统的被动采样法易受到颗粒物和气体干沉降的干扰,而采集到的混合沉降样品不能科学表征降水化学组成,也不能准确量化湿沉降通量,因此目前正逐步被主动采样法所取代. 采用主动和被动2种采样法同步采集了降水样品,以考察被动采样法表征降水离子浓度和通量的适用性. 结果表明:被动采样法采集的降水样品中离子浓度明显偏高,其中ρ(NO₃-)、ρ(Mg2+)、ρ(Ca2+)、ρ(K+)、ρ(Cl-)、ρ(SO₄2-)、ρ(Na+)和ρ(NH₄+)分别比主动采样法高65%、58%、43%、41%、35%、26%、10%和9%. 受大气污染物干沉降影响,被动采样法获得的NO₃-、NH₄+和SO₄2-混合沉降通量分别比主动采样法获得的湿沉降通量高79%、18%和35%,差异最显著的是NO₃-. 被动采样法可以收集氮和硫的湿沉降,但不能有效捕获二者以颗粒物和气体形式发生的干沉降,对二者沉降总通量(干沉降通量+湿沉降通量)低估达39%〔23 kg/(hm2·a)〕和40%〔20 kg/(hm2·a)〕. 因此,鉴于大气污染形势日趋严重,污染物的干沉降作用凸显,被动采样法已难以准确测算污染物从大气向地表的沉降总通量,需要全面考虑细颗粒物(粒径≤2.5 μm)和气态物种(如HNO₃)的贡献.      

三峡水库消落带典型主动与被动修复策略对土壤饱和导水率的影响

人工造林的主动修复与退耕还林还草的被动修复是退化生态系统典型的生态修复策略.以三峡水库运行后形成的消落带为研究对象,研究不同生态修复策略对消落带土壤饱和导水率的影响,对生态脆弱带的水土保持效应具有重要意义.选取桑树+水杉复合林(主动修复)、自然草地(被动修复)、农田(对照)为研究样地,探究了两种不同生态修复策略下三峡水...     

正面碰撞事故中大客车乘员损伤影响因素分析

为研究乘客在大客车正面碰撞事故中的损伤机理,建立某全承载大客车有限元模型,并通过试验验证有限元模型的仿真精度。基于验证模型对不同碰撞速度条件下大客车车身结构力学响应、生存空间、座椅固定件强度、乘员运动响应和损伤等进行综合分析及评价。结果表明:高速碰撞条件下,驾驶员生存空间容易被侵入,座椅固定件强度存在失效的风险;乘员头部、颈部和胸部的损伤值受碰撞速度、安全带类型和乘员位置影响较大;三点式安全带保护效果明显优于两点式安全带。     

Solar tracking system – a review

The generation of power from the reduction of fossil fuels is the biggest challenge for the next half century. The idea of converting solar energy into electrical energy using photovoltaic panels holds its place in the front row compared to other renewable sources. But the continuous change in the relative angle of the sun with reference to the earth reduces the watts delivered by solar panel. In this context solar tracking system is the best alternative to increase the efficiency of the photovoltaic panel. Solar trackers move the payload towards the sun throughout the day. In this paper different types of tracking systems are reviewed and their pros and cons are discussed in detail. The results presented in this review confirm that the azimuth and altitude dual axis tracking system is more efficient compared to other tracking systems. However in cost and flexibility point of view single axis tracking system is more feasible than dual axis tracking system.     

Developing a passive air-breathing tubular direct methanol fuel cell fed with concentrated methanol

This study develops and investigates a fully passive air-breathing tubular direct methanol fuel cell (t-DMFC) with a steel-tube anode and a steel-mesh cathode. The effects of methanol concentration, cathode catalyst loading, mesh structure, and forced air convection are experimentally explored. Results indicate that the t-DMFC performs better at a relatively higher methanol concentration of 8 M. It is recommended to use a catalyst loading of 4 mg cm^?2. Both the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and performance tests confirm that the 40-mesh setup is preferred at the cathode. The fuel cell yields a poor performance when the cathode works with forced air convection because the air-blowing operation reduces the cell temperature and this effect dominates the cell performance. The dynamic and constant-load behaviors are also inspected.     

Effects of an invasive ant on land snails in the Ogasawara Islands

We investigated how Pheidole megacephala has affected endemic achatinellid snails because these snails are excellent indicators of the impact of ants and they have high conservation value in Ogasawara. In 2015 we surveyed the Minamizaki area of Hahajima Island of Ogasawara, designated a core zone of the World Heritage Site, for P. megacephala. In Minamizaki, we determined the distribution and density of achatinellid snails in 2015 and compared these data with their distribution and density in 2005. Land cover in the survey area was entirely forest. We also tested whether P. megacephala preyed on achatinellid snails in the laboratory. P. megacephala was present in the forested areas of Minamizaki. Achatinellid snails were absent in 19 of 39 sites where P. megacephala was present, whereas in other areas densities of the snails ranged from 2 to 228 individuals/site. In the laboratory, P. megacephala carried 6 of 7 achatinellid snails and a broken shell was found. Snail distribution and density comparisons and results of the feeding experiments suggest that the presence of P. megacephala has contributed to the decline of achatinellid snails in forests in the survey area. Yet, P. megacephala is not on the official list of invasive non‐native species. Stakeholders using the list of invasive species to develop conservation programs should recognize that invasiveness of non‐native species differs depending on the ecosystem and that official lists may not be complete.     

基于原位被动采样技术研究巢湖沉积物和水体中PAHs的垂直分布及其界面交换

沉积物-水体界面处分子扩散是污染物的一个重要地球化学过程,也是判断沉积物是否为上层水体中污染物汇或源的主要依据.本研究利用低密度聚乙烯膜(LDPE)为吸附相的原位被动采样器,同步确定了巢湖西半湖南淝河入湖口处不同深度的上层水体和沉积物孔隙水中13种多环芳烃(PAHs)浓度,并计算了它们在沉积物-水体界面的分子扩散通量.结果表明,3种性能参考化合物(PRCs)在上层水体中的解析速率较沉积物孔隙水中大,相应地,水体中LDPE膜对PAHs的吸附速率高于沉积物孔隙水.水体中13种PAHs总浓度(130～250 ng·L~(-1))低于沉积物孔隙水(180～253 ng·L~(-1)),且均以低环PAHs为主.2～3环PAHs浓度在上层水体中无明显的垂直变化,但4～6环PAHs浓度呈现随深度增加而降低的趋势.沉积物孔隙水中PAHs浓度的垂直变化规律反映了历史强排放过程.研究区域PAHs在沉积物-水体界面的交换通量变化范围为-384～1445 ng·m~(-2)·d~(-1),除Flu和Pyr外,其它PAHs均从沉积物向水体释放,反映了底部沉积物是上层水体中PAHs的重要二次污染源.     

污染场地土壤气中VOCs定量被动采样技术研究及应用

污染场地中土壤气样品的采集是蒸气入侵风险评估的关键,目前最常用的主动土壤气采集技术包括真空苏玛罐和泵吸附管,其操作繁琐、成本高、易受多种因素影响、只能采集短时间的浓度.土壤气定量被动采样技术是一种新兴的采样技术,很好地克服了主动式采样存在的不足,是目前污染场地中土壤气调查的研究热点.通过总结现有研究,就定量被动采样技术的理论、被动采样器吸附剂和外壳材料的选择、被动采样器吸附速率的研究及定量被动采样在污染场地中的应用进行论述.综合研究发现,只要严格控制吸附速率,被动采样能够提供准确的定量土壤气浓度测量;采样器结构的设计、外壳材料的选择能够有效控制吸附速率;吸附速率受环境因素和土壤性质的影响,场地校正是获得准确结果的有效途径.我国在土壤气采样领域的研究刚刚起步,建议:加大高效、广谱型或混合型吸附材料及相应测试方法和设备的研发;加强吸附速率的影响因子及场地校准方法的研究;加强土壤钻孔内土壤气的补给速率的模型和场地实测研究;增加不同种采样器的现场应用比较研究;进行适合我国国情的技术标准的研究与制订.      

Free-air fumigation of mature trees. A novel system for controlled ozone enrichment in grown-up beech and spruce canopies

A novel system for continuous and controlled free-air fumigation of mature tree canopies with ozone is described. Ozone generated from oxygen is diluted with air in a pressurized tank and conducted into the canopies by a system of 100 PTFE tubes hanging down from a grid fixed above the crowns. With 45 calibrated outlets per tube providing a constant flow of 0.3 l/min each, a total volume of about 10*10*15 m3 comprising 5 beech and 5 spruce canopies is fumigated. The spatial ozone distribution in the fumigated volume as well as surrounding reference tree canopies is controlled by continuous measuring instruments installed at 4 levels and a dense array of passive samplers. The system will later be used for CO2 fumigation as well. Results of the first year of continuous operation, with 2 * ambient ozone levels having been achieved, are reported.     

二氧化硫监测方法进展

介绍了环境中SO2监测的主要方法,比较了常用的溶液吸收法和被动采样法等。溶液吸收法用来测量1 h或者更短时间内环境中SO2的浓度水平,被动采样法更多地用来监测1周到1个月内环境中SO2的沉积率,在线监测技术的发展为烟气的测量和烟道的防腐蚀提供了更多的技术支撑。最后提出了今后SO2监测方法的发展趋势。