Responses of CH(4), CO(2) and N(2)O fluxes to increasing nitrogen deposition in alpine grassland of the Tianshan Mountains

To assess the effects of nitrogen (N) deposition on greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes in alpine grassland of the Tianshan Mountains in central Asia, CH₄, CO₂ and N₂O fluxes were measured from June 2010 to May 2011. Nitrogen deposition tended to significantly increase CH₄ uptake, CO₂ and N₂O emissions at sites receiving N addition compared with those at site without N addition during the growing season, but no significant differences were found for all sites outside the growing season. Air temperature, soil temperature and water content were the important factors that influence CO₂ and N₂O emissions at year-round scale, indicating that increased temperature and precipitation in the future will exert greater impacts on CO₂ and N₂O emissions in the alpine grassland. In addition, plant coverage in July was also positively correlated with CO₂ and N₂O emissions under elevated N deposition rates. The present study will deepen our understanding of N deposition impacts on GHG balance in the alpine grassland ecosystem, and help us assess the global N effects, parameterize Earth System models and inform decision makers.     

纳米氧化锌颗粒对大鼠气管上皮细胞动态变化的影响及毒性机理

纳米氧化锌(Zn O NPs)对呼吸道的毒性损伤作用备受关注,但有关其对呼吸道上皮细胞动态变化的影响机理还有待深入研究.因此,本研究通过将大鼠气管上皮细胞(RTE)暴露于不同浓度(1和10 mg·L~(-1))和不同粒径(50和200 nm)的Zn O NPs中,利用细胞电阻抗检测技术(ECIS)检测细胞动态变化,采用CCK8法检测细胞生长抑制效应,并通过胞内ROS和MDA含量变化探讨其影响机制.ECIS检测结果显示,Zn O NPs暴露下,RTE细胞生长和增殖受到明显抑制,且具有浓度依赖效应.当暴露浓度为1 mg·L~(-1)时,与对照组相比,50 nm暴露组细胞电阻抗值的下调幅度为18%,为200 nm暴露组的1.2倍.Zn O NPs诱导的RTE细胞增殖抑制率具有浓度依赖效应,当暴露浓度为10 mg·L~(-1)时,50和200 nm暴露组细胞增殖抑制率分别为暴露浓度为1 mg·L~(-1)时的2.9和1.4倍.Zn O NPs诱导的RTE细胞氧化应激结果显示,胞内ROS和MDA含量随着纳米颗粒暴露浓度的增加而增加,随着纳米颗粒粒径的减小而增加,具有显著的浓度-和剂量-依赖效应.当Zn O NPs浓度分别为1和10 mg·L~(-1)时,ROS含量分别是对照组的2.8和3.7倍;当暴露浓度为10 mg·L~(-1)时,50 nm暴露组细胞内ROS含量是200 nm暴露组的1.7倍;暴露浓度为1和10 mg·L~(-1)时,50 nm氧化锌处理组诱导的细胞内MDA含量分别是对照组的5.4和7.9倍.Zn O NPs能够影响呼吸道上皮细胞动态变化,从而破环RTE细胞屏障并进入细胞,诱导胞内ROS和MDA水平升高,进而抑制细胞的生长与增殖.研究表明,影响Zn O NPs诱导的RTE细胞动态变化和氧化应激的关键因素是颗粒粒径与暴露浓度.     

农田土壤N2O产生的关键微生物过程及减排措施

氧化亚氮(N2O)作为一种重要的温室气体,其全球排放总量仍然在持续上升.它不仅可以产生温室效应,还可以间接破坏臭氧层,使其在全球气候变化和生态环境变化研究中备受关注.土壤生态系统是大气中N2O的最重要排放源.本文详细论述了农田土壤中反硝化作用、硝化作用、硝化微生物的反硝化作用以及硝酸盐异化还原成铵作用等过程产生N2O的微生物学机制,并从土壤理化性质(土壤pH、氮素、有机质、土壤温度和湿度)和土壤生物等方面对农田土壤N2O排放的影响进行综述,在此基础上对农田土壤N2O的减排措施进行总结,并就今后农田土壤N2O排放的研究重点和方向进行了展望,为调控农田土壤温室气体排放、氮转化过程和提高氮素利用效率提供科学依据.     

锰钴水滑石/石墨烯电极的制备及催化性能

采用水热法制备了以氧化还原石墨烯（rGO）为载体的锰钴水滑石（LDH）,即MnCo-LDH/rGO复合材料并研究其氧还原性能.在Mn/Co物质的量比为1：3的条件下,MnCo-LDH和MnCo-LDH/rGO的形貌和催化性能最为突出.与MnCo-LDH相比,MnCo-LDH/rGO在Na₂SO₄溶液中的氧化还原峰更加明显（-0.425V）,且峰电流更大,达到0.749mA/cm².将MnCo-LDH/rGO作为阴极,在120min内持续提供30mA/cm²的电流可使浓度为20mg/L的罗丹明B染料（RhB）降解98.6%,具备良好的降解性能.旋转圆盘（RDE）及自由基淬灭实验结果显示,反应中转移电子数为2,且主要自由基为·OH.     

铜锰基整体式催化剂对烧结烟气CO净化特性

基于改性铜锰氧化物作为CO催化活性组分,分别制备了催化剂原粉、以泡沫金属、堇青石为载体的两种整体式催化剂,在实验室配气条件下对比了3种样品的CO催化效率及稳定性,优选了堇青石整体式催化剂,并在某钢厂实际烧结烟气条件下测试了其在不同催化剂负载量、空速、温度下的CO催化效率、稳定性以及衰减后样品催化特性;最后批量制备了2m³优选整体式催化剂并开展了6000m³/h烧结烟气CO净化中试实验.结果表明,烟气高浓水蒸气显著抑制CO催化反应,经240h催化后T₉₀最大提升38℃;催化剂负载量越高,T₉₀越低,催化效率衰减时间越短,稳定后的效率越高,但随着空速增加,该优势减小;1440h(2个月)中试实验中,进气温度185~195℃下,CO催化效率大于85%(平均90%),出口CO浓度低于1000×10^-6,出口平均烟温达220℃,具有节能减排双重效益.     

纳米Fe3O4覆盖对沉积物-水界面砷释放的影响

为揭示纳米四氧化三铁（nFe₃O₄）覆盖对沉积物溶解态砷（As）和有效态As的钝化效果,在开展室内培养试验的基础上,利用微界面分析技术、高分辨率平衡式间隙水采集技术（HR-peeper）和薄膜扩散梯度技术（DGT）,探究nFe₃O₄覆盖下沉积物氧化还原环境、铁锰含量等因素对As的作用机制.结果表明：在nFe₃O₄覆盖下沉积物pH值较对照组逐渐增大,Eh先减小后增大;nFe₃O₄可以有效去除沉积物溶解态As,最大有效去除率为22%;nFe₃O₄覆盖使得有效态As的平均值降低了2.30mg/L;溶解态As与溶解态Fe （II）、溶解态As与溶解态Mn、有效态As与有效态Fe （II）、有效态As与有效态Mn均存在显著正相关关系（P<0.001）;nFe₃O₄的覆盖可以促进铁铝低结晶状无定形水合氧化态As含量的增加.     

风干工艺强化催化氧化除氨氮/锰活性滤料膜负载

为强化地下水处理中催化氧化除氨氮/锰活性滤料表面膜负载强度,系统研究了风干温度对锰氧化物滤料氧化膜的活性、负载强度及负载量的影响,将不同温度风干的生产性滤料填充滤柱,检测沿滤柱深度的氨氮、锰浓度随时间的变化,分析风干温度对生产滤料活性恢复期、除氨氮锰能力和膜负载强度的影响规律.结果表明,滤料经风干处理可以明显缩短滤柱除氨氮/锰的恢复期,其中除氨氮活性最先恢复的是自然风干和60℃风干滤柱;经过风干处理的滤料氨氮/锰的处理能力明显增强,出水氨氮浓度更稳定,不同风干温度之间的差异不明显;滤料风干能显著增强膜负载强度;滤料在运行过程中,表面膜负载量呈现先减少后增长的趋势,特别是未风干处理滤料的运行初期膜量下降明显.利用XRD测定滤料样品表面锰氧化物的晶体结构,比较不同温度风干的初始滤料发现它们具有相同复杂的晶型.     

The combined toxicity and mechanism of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and nano copper oxide toward freshwater algae: Tetradesmus obliquus

Nanoparticles(NPs) are widely used for their special physical properties and released into the natural environment. When two types of NPs exist in the same environment, the presence of one type of NP may affect the properties of the other type of NP. This study investigated the toxic effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs) and copper oxide nanoparticles(Cu O NPs) on Tetradesmus obliquus. Both NPs had toxic effects on algae, and the toxic effects of MWCNTs were significantly stronger tha...     

Effects of cobalt doping on the reactivity of hausmannite for As(III) oxidation and As(V) adsorption

Hausmannite is a common low valence Mn oxide mineral, with a distorted spinel structure, in surficial sediments. Although natural Mn oxides often contain various impurities of transitional metals (TMs), few studies have addressed the effect and related mechanism of TM doping on the reactivity of hausmannite with metal pollutants. Here, the reactivity of cobalt (Co) doped hausmannite with aqueous As(III) and As(V) was studied. Co doping decreased the point of zero charge of hausmannite and its adsorption capacity for As(V). Despite a reduction of the initial As(III) oxidation rate, Co-doped hausmannite could effectively oxidize As(III) to As(V), followed by the adsorption and fixation of a large amount of As(V) on the mineral surface. Arsenic K-edge EXAFS analysis of the samples after As(V) adsorption and As(III) oxidation revealed that only As(V) was adsorbed on the mineral surface, with an average As-Mn distance of 3.25–3.30 Å, indicating the formation of bidentate binuclear complexes. These results provide new insights into the interaction mechanism between TMs and low valence Mn oxides and their effect on the geochemical behaviors of metal pollutants.     

不同改良剂对黔西北锌冶炼区农用地土壤重金属修复效果研究

为研究不同改良剂对土壤重金属（Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn）的修复效果,以黔西北锌冶炼区农用地土壤为研究对象,分别将不同比例（1%、2%、5%）的海泡石（H）、石灰（S）和蚯蚓粪（Q）施加于锌冶炼区重金属（Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn）复合污染农用地土壤,稳定陈化75 d后,分析土壤理化性质（pH、EC、含水率）、有机质、有效态养分（N、P、K）、重金属有效态含量变化特征。结果表明,与对照相比,除低添加量的海泡石处理（H1%）略微降低土壤pH外,海泡石和石灰处理均提高了土壤pH,而添加蚯蚓粪处理则降低土壤pH。除石灰处理分别降低土壤有机质和碱解氮含量外,海泡石和蚯蚓粪均可有效提高土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,其中蚯蚓粪和石灰处理分别对土壤碱解氮和有效磷的增加效果最为明显,分别增加了36.53%～72.34%和67.96%～144.01%。与对照相比,添加石灰明显降低了土壤中DTPA-Cd、DTPA-Pb和DTPA-Zn含量,分别降低了16.94%～29.87%、8.26%～20.46%、27.91%～51.02%。添加蚯蚓粪则总体上增加土壤中DTPA提取态重金属（Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn）含量,而海泡石添加可增加土壤中DTPA-Cd和DTPA-Cu含量,降低DTPA-Pb和DTPA-Zn含量。石灰和海泡石处理都不同程度降低土壤中TCLP提取态重金属（Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn）含量,然而,添加蚯蚓粪处理显著地增加TCLP提取态重金属（Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn）含量。综合分析表明,石灰对于复合污染土壤中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的固定效果最佳,其次为海泡石,而蚯蚓粪的添加对土壤重金属具有活化作用。