基于遥感技术的人工速生林二氧化碳吸收量估测

选择宁夏中卫市中冶·美利纸业集团的林纸一体化人工速生杨基地作为研究对象,以CBERS/CCD影像和同步实测样地数据为基础,利用相关分析方法筛选出相关系数分别为0.939和0.936的NDVI和RVI两个变量,构建了基于NDVI、RVI及NDVI和RVI的3个人工速生林地叶面积遥感回归估测模型,R2分别为0.882、0.877和0.885,并通过相关检验,估算出研究区不同林龄速生杨林地的叶面积。结合样地的实测净光合速率（PN,Net Photosynthetic Rate,μmol·m-2·s-1）,推算出不同林龄的速生杨单位叶面积的年二氧化碳净吸收量,最终估算出整个研究区的年固定碳（CO2）的净增量分别为326 648.66、315 688.73和322 509.04 t。通过与常规方法测得结果的比较,表明遥感结合地面实测数据估算林木固碳是可行的;从建立模型的R2值分析,根据不同植被指数建立的多元模型的精度要优于单一植被指数建立的一元模型;根据估测结果,随着林龄的增长,林木的固碳能力不断提高,但受不同生境的影响,增长速度存在空间差异。     

松花江吉林段土壤有机组分的雄激素干扰效应

利用重组AR(雄激素受体)基因酵母,结合土壤样品索氏提取、富集和净化方法,开展松花江流域吉林段土壤有机组分雄激素干扰效应及其分布特征研究. 结果表明:所有样品均未检测出显著的AR诱导活性;部分样品检测出AR抑制活性,检出率为62.50%,最大抑制率为61.74%;采用RIC20(抑制率为20.00%时,96孔板每孔所需要的土壤当量,单位为mg/well)表征样品的抑制活性,RIC20在1.01~9.03 mg/well之间, 表明松花江吉林段土壤中存在AR抑制活性物质,可能具有潜在的环境危害. 研究区土壤雄激素干扰效应的分布特征表明,干扰效应分布与产业布局呈一定的相关性;工业区的AR抑制活性明显高于农田区,表明化工原料及产品的生产和使用及工业废水的排放可能是该地区土壤中AR抑制活性的重要来源.      

The Mediterranean intertidal habitat as a natural laboratory to study climate change drivers of geographic patterns in marine biodiversity

Nylon bags containing yellow leaves of Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia marina, were immersed for 80 days from August to October, 1996. the decomposing leaves were collected every 10 days and analysed for dry weight loss and six biochemical parameters: tannins, total amino acids, total sugars, total nitrogen, total lipids and fatty acid profile. the leaf weight initially decreased very rapidly by about 50% of the start in two species of mangroves within 10 days. Similar changes were observed with tannins, total amino acids and sugars. However, the concentration of nitrogen increased significantly with decomposition. There was no significant change in total lipid and fatty acid profile. the highest concentration of fatty acid in the decomposing leaves was palmitic acid (16:0). Unsaturated fatty acids such as, 18:1 w7c and 18:1 w9c were found to be present in decomposing leaves of both species.     

基于污泥资源化利用的蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)培养研究

利用废水或者废弃物培养微藻,不仅可使废弃物得到合理利用,还可为微藻培养提供廉价原料.以蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)为研究对象,以污泥抽提液部分或全部替代SE(selenite enrichment)培养基,研究基于污泥资源化利用的微藻细胞培养方法.结果表明,当SE培养基与污泥抽提液比例为1∶9和2∶8时,相同条件下接种蛋白核小球藻培养14 d后,在波长为680 nm下其光密度分别为0.858和0.845,显著高于其它处理,当两者比例为0∶10和10∶0时,相应光密度分别为0.571和0.247.通过测定其色素和次生代谢产物含量时发现,当SE培养基与污泥抽提液比例为2∶8时,蛋白核小球藻的叶绿素、β-胡萝卜素和蛋白质含量最高.因此,剩余污泥抽提液可以部分作为培养蛋白核小球藻的良好基质,并且其培养效果明显优于其标准培养基.在本试验条件下,蛋白核小球藻培养的最佳条件是污泥抽提液比例为80%,该条件下蛋白核小球藻的生长状况较好,并且叶绿素与蛋白质含量最高.     

Common volatiles are major attractants for neonate larvae of the specialist flea beetle <Emphasis Type="Italic">Altica koreana</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Olfactory stimuli play an important role in the host searching of larval phytophagous insects. Previous studies indicate that larvae that have to find feeding sites after hatching are generally attracted to host volatiles. However, there are few studies on the olfactory responses of neonate larvae to host volatiles in cases when those larvae hatched on the host plant. In the present study, we determined the olfactory responses of neonate larvae of the specialist flea beetle, Altica koreana Ogloblin, to host and six non-host plants, using a static-air "arena." Larvae responded significantly to the host plant Potentilla chinensis Ser. and five of six non-host plants, compared to the control. Larvae did not prefer the host plant over the non-host plants (except Artemisia sp.) when offered a choice. Additionally, odours of a non-host plant, which were unattractive to neonate larvae, may have masked the attractive odour of the host plant. These results indicate that common volatiles can play a major role in attracting larvae of this specialist to plants, but attraction to such odours may not be the major mechanism of host choice.     

Aqueous and organic extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. inhibit the mycelia growth of fungi

Aqueous extracts from various plant parts of fenugreek (3%) (aerial parts: leaves and stems (LS), roots (R), ground seeds (GS) and not ground seeds (NGS)) and petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanolic fractions of the aerial parts were assayed to determine their antifungal potential against Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium graminearum, Alternaria sp., Pythium aphanidermatum, and Rhizoctinia solani. All fenugreek plant parts showed antifungal potential and the magnitude of their inhibitory e ects was species and plant parts dependent. R extract was shown less toxic (30.38%), whereas NGS extract expressed the strongest inhibition, with an average of 71.44%, followed by GS (58.56%) and LS (57.1%). Screening indicated that P. aphanidermatum was the most resistant species, with an average inhibition of 34.5%. F. graminearum, Alternaria sp. and R. solani were the most sensitive species, and were similarly inhibited (63.5%). The stability test indicated that the aqueous extracts of all plant parts lost approximately 50% of their relative activity after one month of storage at 4°C, whilst they lost 60%–90% of their activity when stored at ambient temperature for one month. The antifungal activity resided mainly in the methanol fraction and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of methanol fraction witch caused total inhibition of R. solani and Alternaria sp. was 60 g/ml. Results of current study suggested that the constituents of Trigonella foenum-graecum have potential against harmful pathogenic fungi. Therefore, fenugreek could be an important source of biologically active compounds useful for developing better new antifungal drugs.     

Plant leaf economics and reproductive investment are responsive to gradients of land use intensity

Relationships between functional leaf traits across large sets of plant species emphasized the existence of a major axis describing a trade-off between rapid acquisition and conservation of resources forming the so-called “leaf economics spectrum”. It is uncertain which environmental factors determine the economics spectrum and whether traits associated with reproduction co-vary with the economics spectrum. To determine these trait-environment relationships for agricultural ecosystems, this study was conducted at field, pasture, and heathland sites forming a strong land use gradient in Northwest Germany. The abundance of 49 species was recorded in 85 plots together with their traits (canopy height, specific leaf area, leaf N, leaf N:P, leaf and stem dry matter content, life cycle, reproductive investment (RI) in seed mass and seed number), as well as parameters describing soil resources and land use disturbances. RLQ multivariate analysis of the data set related an environmental table to a species trait table using a species abundance table to extract the joint structure between them. Thereafter, we clustered the species on the RLQ axis to extract functional groups. Traits associated with the leaf economics spectrum were strongly related to soil resources that co-varied with disturbance intensity. A division of the whole land use gradient into agricultural and heathland sites showed that RI was not decoupled from trait-environment relationships although the direction of the RI-environment relationship was opposite in the two subsets. Species were clumped rather than linearly arranged in the trait-environment space and the functional groups broadly corresponded to weed communities, pastures with differing intensities, and heathlands. The trade-off in plant economics responding to soil resources supports predictions of previous theoretical and empirical work. Different RI-environment relationships in agricultural sites and heathlands emphasize the relevance of local scales in trait-environment studies. In general, the results point to some of the biological mechanisms controlling functions and services of agricultural ecosystems.     

沙尘暴细颗粒物对人外周血淋巴细胞微核形成的影响

用胞质阻断微核试验法比较研究了内蒙古包头市和甘肃武威市沙尘暴和正常天气细颗粒物(PM2.5)及其无机与有机提取物对人外周血淋巴细胞微核形成的影响.结果表明本试验条件下,沙尘暴和正常天气PM2.5及其有机提取物均使淋巴细胞微核率(micronuclei frequency,MNF)显著增高,核分裂指数(nuclear division index,NDI)显著下降(p＜0.01),且存在剂量-效应关系,而无机提取物虽有剂量-效应关系,但各处理浓度之间及其与对照相比差异均不显著(p＞0.05);相同处理浓度下,除工业城市包头正常天气的PM2.5及其有机提取物处理的微核率显著高于沙尘(p＜0.01)外,沙尘暴和正常天气样品处理结果无显著差异(p＞0.05);城市之间相比,只有正常天气PM2.5及其有机提取物处理的微核率包头显著高于武威(p＜0.01),而沙尘暴PM2.5及其提取物的所有处理的微核率无城市间差异(p＞0.05).     

蚕豆根尖微核技术监测环境污染物的诱变活性

应用蚕豆根尖微核技术对10份矿尘样品、黄曲霉毒素B_1(AFB_1)和15份真菌提取物进行诱变性研究,结果有10份矿尘、AFB_1和5种真菌提取物能明显诱发蚕豆根尖细胞微核率的增高;对其中5~#矿尘、AFB_1和杂色曲霉提取物进行剂量效应测定,显示了良好的剂量效应关系,提示具有诱变活性,这对当地的肿瘤发病率可能起重要作用。说明蚕豆根尖微核技术对研究环境诱变剂不失为一种有效的手段。     

孔石莼水溶性抽提液抑制3种海洋赤潮藻的生长

研究了孔石莼水溶性抽提液对3种赤潮藻(赤潮异弯藻、中肋骨条藻和塔玛亚历山大藻)生长的影响.在实验的前4d内,孔石莼水溶性抽提液(0 25～2 0g·L-1)对各赤潮藻种的生长皆表现出明显的抑制效应,最大抑制效应表现在接种后的第2～3d.各藻种生长受抑制的量随孔石莼水溶性抽提液浓度的增加而增加,当孔石莼水溶性抽提液的浓度达2 0g·L-1时,赤潮异弯藻和中肋骨条藻被完全致死,塔玛亚历山大藻的生长受到强烈抑制.实验后期(5d后),低浓度处理组(0 25～1 0g·L-1)的藻种加速生长,表现为促进效应.经高温处理后的孔石莼水溶性抽提液对赤潮异弯藻和中肋骨条藻的抑制效应完全消失,对塔玛亚历山大藻的抑制效应明显减弱.