亲水荷电超滤膜的制备及对腐殖酸的分离性能

为改善聚醚砜(PES)超滤膜的抗污染性能和提高对腐殖酸(HA)的截留率,以介孔二氧化硅(MS)为添加剂,采用相转化法制备了亲水性PES/MS复合超滤膜,并对膜表面进行荷电改性.研究了MS对膜的断面结构、表面化学性质和过滤性能的影响,考察了荷电改性PES/MS超滤膜对水中HA的分离性能以及溶液pH值、离子强度和钙离子浓度等因素对荷电膜超滤过程的影响.SEM表征结果显示,MS颗粒在PES/MS复合膜的表面分散均匀,膜孔的连通性改善.亲水荷电改性后,膜表面接触角由68°降至57°,zeta电位由-6.31mV降至-11.45mV,膜对HA的去除率由72%提高到95%,通量衰减率由29.8%减小到4.9%.结果表明,对PES超滤膜进行亲水荷电改性可有效提高对HA的截留率,同时减轻膜污染;另外,溶液的pH值、离子强度和钙离子浓度对荷电超滤膜的过滤性能有较大影响,调节合适的溶液环境可在提高截留率的同时,减轻膜污染.     

Determination of cadmium in water and herbal medicine by Penicillium chrysogenum immobilized on silica gel for flame atomic absorption spectroscopy

Penicillium chrysogenum was immobilized on silica to develop a simple and cost effective method for solid phase extraction of Cd(II) and determination using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The sorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and packed into a column. The conditions for quantitative sorption and desorption of Cd(II) were optimized. The preconcentration factor was 100 while detection limit was 0.61 µg L^?1 with a relative standard deviation of 1.0%. The method was applied for determination of Cd in herbal medicine and tap water.     

Air pollution protection by waste amorphous SiO2 utilization in Portland cement production

This papers deals with waste amorphous silica obtained from AlF₃ production. This is a waste material that could be used as additive in cement production. Results are encouraging although there are no large quantities of this material available (about 4000 t/yr). Experiments were performed with the addition of 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5% and 10.0% mass of amorphous silica obtained from AlF₃ production. Flexural and compressive strengths of the prepared mortar samples with w/c = 0.50 and with the constant flow were determined. Experiments show that optimal quantity for the amorphous silica addition is 5% of the cement mass.     

共价接枝聚季铵盐型杀生剂的制备及工艺优化

研制了一种表面接枝的聚季铵盐型高分子杀生剂,并考察了其对水溶液中的各种菌体的杀生效果,通过对活化剂和硅胶载体的优化,确定了最佳制备方案。结果表明,可以使用价格低廉的-γ氯丙基三甲氧基硅烷代替4-溴丁酰氯作为活化剂,载体硅胶的选择范围广泛,可以采用比表面积大、价格低廉的硅胶作为载体。扫描电镜和红外光谱检测表明杀生功能基团已共价接枝到载体硅胶上。杀生性能检测表明该杀生剂可以在低浓度、短时间内降低水溶液中的大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌以及真菌的活菌量。显微镜观察发现,杀生剂的灭藻过程是杀生剂表面吸附(藻体)、接触、灭藻。结果表明,新型固定化高分子杀生剂具有较强的抗细菌和抗真菌的能力,对藻类也具有杀灭作用,是一种高效、广普、性质稳定的水处理杀生剂。     

东、黄海沉积物中生物硅的分布及其环境意义

通过对1998年5月、2000年10月及2001年5月东、黄海海区3个航次采集的沉积物样品中生物硅(BSi)含量的分析,讨论了东海西北部、南黄海沉积物中BSi的分布、埋藏及其与水体初级生产力、硅藻丰度的关系.测定表明,调查海区表层沉积物中BSi的含量介于0.21%~0.70%,海区BSi的分布与水体初级生产力的变化一致.在长江口海区,BSi的积累与河口区水体中的叶绿素a、初级生产力有着密切的关系,近20年来长江口海区沉积物中BSi含量的变化记录了长江径流以及长江输送N、P、Si营养盐通量的年际变化.     

分子印迹硅纳米改性氧化石墨烯复合材料的制备及其对双酚A的吸附研究

制备了分子印迹硅纳米-氧化石墨烯复合吸附材料,并研究了复合材料对双酚A(Bisphenol A,BPA)的吸附性能.实验结果表明:复合吸附材料对BPA的吸附在35min内达到吸附平衡,Langmuir等温线模型得出最大吸附容量约为338.3mg/g;相对于BPA的结构类似物,对BPA具有良好的选择吸附性能;在溶液pH接...     

改性磁性纳米颗粒固定内生菌Bacillus nealsonii吸附废水中Cd2+的特性研究

从重金属超累积植物龙葵体内提取内生菌Bacillus nealsonii,采用二氧化硅改性纳米Fe_3O_4颗粒与海藻酸钠将其包埋交联进行固定化,制得一种新型球状生物吸附剂,并应用于废水中Cd~(2+)的吸附处理.同时,通过正交实验研究了该球状生物吸附剂的最佳制备条件和吸附处理条件,并采用扫描电镜等表征手段与构建吸附动力学考察了其吸附特征.结果表明,球状生物吸附剂的最佳制备条件为:改性纳米Fe3O4颗粒质量分数为0.1%,海藻酸钠质量分数为8.0%,菌液接种量为0.4%,交联时间为2 h;其最佳吸附处理条件为p H=6、吸附时间12 h、吸附剂用量(干重)2.5 g·L-1,在Cd~(2+)初始浓度为50 mg·L-1时的吸附率可达96%以上.研究发现,球状生物吸附剂的内外部结构孔隙率较大,有利于促进Cd~(2+)的吸附.该吸附过程遵循准二级反应动力学,以化学吸附为主,符合Freundlich等温吸附模型,最大单分子吸附量可达13.02 mg·g-1.解吸实验结果表明,该吸附剂具有较好的可重复利用性.     

Silica nanoparticles and silver-doped silica nanoparticles induce endoplasmatic reticulum stress response and alter cytochrome P4501A activity

Engineered silica nanoparticles (SiO₂-NPs) find widespread application and may lead to exposure of humans and the environment. Here we compare the effects of SiO₂-NPs and SiO₂-NPs doped with silver (SiO₂-Ag-NPs) on survival and cellular function of human liver cells (Huh7) and Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) fibroblast cells (FMH). In Huh7 cells we investigate effects on the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER), including ER stress, and interactions of nanoparticles (NPs) with metabolizing enzymes and efflux transporters. The NPs formed agglomerates/aggregates in cell culture media as revealed by SEM and TEM. SiO₂ and SiO₂-1% Ag-NPs were taken up into cells as demonstrated by agglomerates occurring in vesicular-like structures or freely dispersed in the cytosol. Cytotoxicity was more pronounced in Huh7 than in FMH cells, and increased with silver content in silver-doped NPs. Dissolved silver was the most significant factor for cytotoxicity. At toxic and non-cytotoxic concentrations SiO₂-NPs and SiO₂-1% Ag-NPs induced perturbations in the function of ER. In Huh7 cells NPs induced the unfolded protein response (UPR), or ER stress response, as demonstrated in induced expression of BiP and splicing of XBP1 mRNA, two selective markers of ER stress. Additionally, SiO₂-1% Ag-NPs and AgNO₃ induced reactive oxygen species. Pre-treatment of Huh7 cells with SiO₂-1% Ag-NPs followed by exposure to the inducer benzo(a)pyrene caused a significant reduced induction of CYP1A activity. NPs did not alter the activity of ABC transporters. These data demonstrate for the first time that SiO₂-NPs and SiO₂-1% Ag-NPs result in perturbations of the ER leading to the ER stress response. This represents a novel and significant cellular signalling pathway contributing to the cytotoxicity of NPs.     

乙醇溶析结晶法从白炭黑废母液中回收硫酸钠

以乙醇为溶析剂，通过过滤—中和—蒸馏浓缩—溶析结晶等工序，从白炭黑废母液中回收硫酸钠。考察了硫酸钠回收效果的影响因素，并进行了热能消耗和处理成本的分析。实验结果表明：乙醇的加入量对硫酸钠溶解度和蒸馏浓缩过程有着显著影响；在蒸馏醇水比（乙醇与中性废母液的体积比）为0.27，浓缩废母液中硫酸钠质量浓度为69.27 g/L，溶析醇水比（乙醇与浓缩废母液的体积比）为1的最佳工艺条件下，白炭黑废母液中硫酸钠的一次回收率可达69.94%，硫酸钠产品的纯度达到97.3%。     

负载咪唑型离子液体硅胶吸附材料制备及应用研究

制备了3种取代咪唑键合的硅胶负载型离子液体(甲基咪唑-SIL、氨丙基咪唑-SIL及十二烷基咪唑-SIL),比较了其对水中双酚A(BPA)的吸附能力。在该研究的实验条件下,BPA在十二烷基咪唑-SIL与水溶液之间的分配系数K_d值高达(2.58±0.02)×10³ L/kg,氨丙基咪唑-SIL、甲基咪唑-SIL的K_d值也分别达到(2.26±0.28)×10、(2.71±0.16)×10 L/kg。采用甲醇为洗脱液,可以对十二烷基咪唑-SIL相中的BPA进行有效回收,2次洗脱的合并回收率为106.7%±4.8%。以十二烷基咪唑-SIL作为被动采样装置的接收相,对污水处理厂出水中BPA进行了被动采样监测应用的微宇宙实验研究。结果表明,在实验周期内,十二烷基咪唑-SIL被动采样器对水体中BPA的被动采集呈线性,其采集速率为0.33 L/d,与以HLB为接收相的商品化被动采样器接近,并且同HLB固相萃取填料相比,离子液体接收相对BPA的采集更具选择性,基质效应较小,可作为被动采样监测装置的理想接收相材料。