Investigating the coagulation of non-proteinaceous algal organic matter: Optimizing coagulation performance and identification of removal mechanisms

The removal of algal organic matter(AOM) is a growing concern for the water treatment industry worldwide. The current study investigates coagulation of non-proteinaceous AOM(AOM after protein separation), which has been minimally explored compared with proteinaceous fractions. Jar tests with either aluminum sulphate(alum) or polyaluminium chloride(PACl) were performed at doses of 0.2–3.0 mg Al per 1 mg of dissolved organic carbon in the p H range 3.0–10.5. Additionally, non-proteinaceous matter was characterized in terms of charge, molecular weight and carbohydrate content to assess the treatability of its different fractions. Results showed that only up to 25% of non-proteinaceous AOM can be removed by coagulation under optimized conditions. The optimal coagulation p H(6.6–8.0 for alum and 7.5–9.0 for PACl) and low surface charge of the removed fraction indicated that the prevailing coagulation mechanism was adsorption of non-proteinaceous matter onto aluminum hydroxide precipitates. The lowest residual Al concentrations were achieved in very narrow p H ranges, especially in the case of PACl. High-molecular weight saccharidelike organics were amenable to coagulation compared to low-molecular weight( 3 k Da)substances. Their high content in non-proteinaceous matter(about 67%) was the reason for its low removal. Comparison with our previous studies implies that proteinaceous and nonproteinaceous matter is coagulated under different conditions due to the employment of diverse coagulation mechanisms. The study suggests that further research should focus on the removal of low-molecular weight AOM, reluctant to coagulate, with other treatment processes to minimize its detrimental effect on water safety.     

Raman spectroscopy of diesel and gasoline engine-out soot using different laser power

We studied engine-out soot samples collected from a heavy-duty direct-injection diesel engine and port-fuel injection gasoline spark-ignition engine. The two types of soot samples were characterized using Raman spectroscopy with different laser powers. A Matlab program using least-square-method with trust-region-reflective algorithm was developed for curve fitting. A DOE (design of experiments) method was used to avoid local convergence. The method was used for two-band fitting and three-band fitting. The fitting results were used to determine the intensity ratio of D (for “Defect” or “Disorder”) and G (for “Graphite”) Raman bands. It is found that high laser power may cause oxidation of soot sample, which gives higher D/G intensity ratio. Diesel soot has consistently higher amorphous/graphitic carbon ratio, and thus higher oxidation reactivity, compared to gasoline soot, which is reflected by the higher D/G intensity ratio in Raman spectra measured under the same laser power.     

Physicochemical analysis of individual atmospheric fine particles based on effective surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Fine particles associated with haze pollution threaten the health of more than 400 million people in China. It is therefore of great importance to thoroughly investigate and understand their composition. To determine the physicochemical properties in atmospheric fine particles at the micrometer level, we described a sensitive and feasible surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS) method using Ag foil as a substrate. This novel method enhanced the Raman signal intensities up to 10,000 a.u. for ν(NO_3~-) in fine particles.The SERS effect of Ag foil was further studied experimentally and theoretically and found to have an enhancement factor of the order of ～10~4. Size-fractionated real particle samples with aerodynamic diameters of 0.4–2.5 μm were successfully collected on a heavy haze day,allowing ready observation of morphology and identification of chemical components, such as soot, nitrates, and sulfates. These results suggest that the Ag-foil-based SERS technique can be effectively used to determine the microscopic characteristics of individual fine particles, which will help to understand haze formation mechanisms and formulate governance policies.     

混凝沉淀-UF工艺去除二级出水中ARGs效能研究

为了研究混凝沉淀-UF工艺对城市污水处理厂二级出水中ARGs（抗生素抗性基因）去除的影响,以PACl（聚合氯化铝）和PFS（聚合硫酸铁）作为混凝剂,采用qPCR（实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应）和EEM（三维荧光光谱）等分析混凝沉淀-UF工艺对ARGs的削减及其影响因素.结果表明:① PACl、PFS投加量（分别以Al、Fe计,下同）分别为0.85、0.50 mmol/L时,与直接UF工艺相比,混凝沉淀-UF工艺对水中各类ARGs的去除量高2~3个数量级,其中PACl-UF工艺的效果更好,去除量为2.51~3.52个数量级;对水中DOC（溶解性有机碳）、富里酸类及溶解性微生物代谢产物的去除效果更好,DOC去除率由18%升至36%.②直接UF、PACl-UF、PFS-UF 3种工艺膜进、出水的线性拟合结果显示,ARGs浓度与ρ（DOC）、16S rDNA浓度均呈显著正相关.研究显示,混凝沉淀-UF工艺可以有效去除二级出水中的ARGs,且有机物、16S rDNA的去除有助于ARGs的削减.      

秋冬交替季节白洋淀沉积物有机质特性研究

为了研究白洋淀沉积物中有机质释放对秋冬交替季节淀区水环境的影响.将白洋淀分为自然保护区、旅游区、村落密集区、淀中村区和出淀口区五部分,在20个代表性采样点采集沉积物样品,采用光谱学方法表征样品中有机质特性,并研究氮、磷的溶解释放特征.结果表明:①在自然保护区、淀中村区和出淀口区,沉积物中有机质的腐殖化和芳香化程度较高,主要为陆源可见光类腐殖酸组分（C1）、海源可见光类腐殖酸组分（C3）和紫外光类腐殖酸组分（C4）;而在旅游区和村落密集区,有机质的腐殖化和芳香化程度较低,主要为类色氨酸组分（C2）,表明这些区域受人为活动影响大.②紫外吸收光谱和荧光光谱参数具有很好的相关性,可用于表征沉积物中有机质特征;类色氨酸组分的荧光强度与沉积物中w（TN）和w（TP）具有良好的正相关关系,显示出同源性特征.③与以类腐殖酸为主要成分的沉积物样品相比,氮、磷更易从以类蛋白为主要成分的沉积物中释放.研究显示,秋冬交替季节白洋淀沉积物中有机质以类蛋白和类腐殖酸为主,且类蛋白具有促进共存氮、磷溶解释放的作用.      

南京北郊大气细粒子在人体呼吸系统沉积特性

使用宽范围颗粒粒径谱仪(WPS)对2015年1月和4月南京北郊大气气溶胶数浓度进行观测,使用多路径粒子剂量测量模型(MPPD)v.3.04模式估算不同空气质量指数(AQI)级别下、休息与运动状态下,细粒子在人体呼吸系统不同部位的沉积分数(DF)和沉积数浓度.结果发现,核模态和爱根核模态DF在休息和运动状态下近似,积聚模态DF在运动时是休息时的2.49倍.肺部对核模态和爱根核模态总沉积分数(TDF)贡献最大,休息时约占48.17%,运动时约占54.23%,头部对积聚模态TDF贡献最大,休息时约占41.23%,运动时约占80.47%.冬季人体内颗粒物沉积数浓度明显低于春季,各部位中总沉积数浓度大小为:肺部气管支气管头部.与休息时相比,运动时肺部核模态沉积增多,气管及支气管和头部积聚模态沉积增多,且头部表现出空气质量越差,运动较休息增长越多的特点.地区间DF的差异主要由于生理参数不同,沉积数浓度的差异主要由于当地环境中粒子数浓度不同.     

DOC+CDPF对重型柴油车排放特性的影响

基于重型转毂试验平台对比研究国Ⅲ重型柴油车加装催化型连续再生颗粒捕集器(DOC+CDPF)前后的气态物及颗粒物排放性能,结果表明从市区循环、公路循环到高速循环,原车的CO、THC、CO_2及颗粒质量(PM)排放因子依次减小,NO_x及颗粒数量(PN)排放因子依次增大,颗粒数量浓度随粒径呈双峰分布并且以聚集态颗粒排放为主;加装DOC+CDPF后,各污染物排放因子均有所下降,且下降趋势从市区循环、公路循环到高速循环依次增大,从整个C-WTVC循环来看,CO排放因子下降70.36%,THC排放因子下降72.73%,CO_2排放因子下降17.00%,NO_x排放因子下降7.76%,PM、PN排放因子分别下降93.77%和98.91%,颗粒数量浓度随粒径仍呈双峰分布,但排放以核模态颗粒为主,并且聚集态峰值对应粒径减小.     

北京市建筑施工扬尘排放特征

颗粒物是北京市首要空气污染物,其排放控制是大气污染防治的重要内容,施工扬尘是北京市大气颗粒物的重要来源.由于人口增长及经济的发展,住宅及办公场地的需求不断增加,使得北京市房屋建筑施工面积居高不下,建筑施工扬尘污染受到越来越多的关注,但有关量化施工扬尘排放量及其对北京市空气污染贡献的研究相对较少.本文建立一套建筑施工扬尘排放量的估算方法,采用本地化排放因子估算了北京市2000~2015年建筑施工扬尘排放量,识别施工扬尘的排放特征和规律,并定量了排放量的不确定性范围.采用WRF/CMAQ模式系统模拟量化建筑施工扬尘对空气质量的影响,提出施工扬尘污染控制对策和建议,为环境决策提供参考.结果表明,多年来北京市建筑施工扬尘排放量呈波浪式上升,近年来施工面积有所回落,但仍处于高位,颗粒物排放量仍然较大,需要引起足够的重视;在时间分布上,夏季和秋季的施工扬尘排放量较大,在空间分布上,施工扬尘主要集中在城市功能拓展区和近郊区,与人类活动的外延和城镇化的逐步向外发展有关.建筑施工扬尘对全市环境空气中PM_(10)和PM2.5浓度贡献可达31.3μg·m~(-3)和9.6μg·m~(-3).通过污染控制情景设置和分析,本研究认为要使2030年施工扬尘排放得到较好地削减,应执行更加严格的绿色施工管理规程和加强施工环境监管.     

垃圾填埋有色溶解性有机质与铜络合机制

为了阐明填埋场中重金属的形态演变机制,采用三维荧光光谱、荧光猝灭滴定技术及平行因子分析,研究了不同填埋年限垃圾中有色溶解性有机物(colored dissolved organic matter,CDOM)与Cu(Ⅱ)的络合过程.结果表明,填埋垃圾CDOM中含有类蛋白、类富里酸及类胡敏酸物质,随着填埋时间的延伸,类蛋白物质含量呈下降趋势,而类富里酸和类胡敏酸含量呈上升趋势.填埋垃圾CDOM中类蛋白物质对Cu(Ⅱ)络合能力和参与络合的荧光基团比例存在差异,络合的条件稳定常数在4.00~5.75之间,参与络合的荧光基团比例在22.78%~95.30%之间;而类腐殖质与Cu(Ⅱ)作用的条件稳定常数和参与络合的荧光基团比例变化较小,类胡敏酸物质与Cu(Ⅱ)络合的条件稳定常数在4.71~5.54之间,参与络合的荧光基团比例在42.35%~61.46%之间,类富里酸物质与Cu(Ⅱ)络合的条件稳定常数在4.44~5.25之间,参与络合的荧光基团比例在46.14%~57.22%之间.类富里酸和类胡敏酸与Cu(Ⅱ)的结合能力都随着填埋年限的增加而降低,但参与络合的荧光基团比例增加,并且类胡敏酸物质与重金属的结合能力强于类富里酸,但参与配位的官能团较类富里酸少.     

荧光溶解性有机质EEMs的新旧自组织映射图解析方法比较研究

目前,对地表水体荧光溶解性有机质(Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter,FDOM)三维激发发射矩阵(Excitation-Emission Matrices,EEMs)数据的解析仍旧存在挑战.本文结合原始EEMs和从中分离的荧光平行因子分析(Parallel Factor Analysis,PARAFAC)组分,利用自组织映射图(Self-Organizing Maps,SOM),开展了基于传统EEMs-SOM和新型PARAFAC-SOM神经网络模型的复杂荧光数据解析能力对比研究,以此探索和改进EEMs多元解析方法技术体系.模型以已发表论文原始数据为基础构建,研究对象为南太湖重要入湖河流东苕溪水系.结果显示:EEMsSOM模型需依赖常规"摘峰法"对各荧光峰做出主观判断,不能有效识别重叠荧光峰,且人为割裂多激发共发射荧光物质峰之间的联系,从而弱化分析结果的实际环境意义,但神经元的模式荧光光谱可视化效果较佳,且操作简便,耗时较少;PARAFAC-SOM模型克服了上述缺陷,可清除EEMs中的噪声或无用信息,大幅降低输入变量数(从1742个降至4个),缩减运算时间,较大地改善了输出结果的准确性,获得无损可靠且实际环境意义较强的结果,但该法的PARAFAC预处理要求较高,工作量较大;两类模型解析结论大体一致,对前期研究进行了全新的阐述和补充,且生动揭示了FDOM在多级河流水体中的空间赋存变化规律及河流的动态污染过程.综上,推荐在今后研究中综合使用两类优势互补的模型以实现对EEMs的深度解析.