海南岛臭氧污染时空变化及敏感性特征

基于环境空气质量数据、气象观测数据和卫星遥感资料,研究了2015~2020年海南岛臭氧（O₃）污染的时空分布、变化趋势、O₃生成敏感性及其与气象因子的关系.结果表明,海南岛O₃-8h （日最大8 h滑动平均值）表现为西部和北部偏高,中部、东部和南部偏低的分布特征,2015年O₃-8h浓度最高,2019年O₃-8h浓度超标占比最大.O₃-8h浓度与平均气温（P<0.1）、日照时数（P<0.01）、太阳总辐射（P<0.01）、大气压和平均风速呈正相关关系,与降雨量（P<0.05）和相对湿度呈负相关关系.卫星遥感数据显示,2015~2020年海南岛对流层NO₂柱浓度（NO₂-OMI）和HCHO柱浓度（HCHO-OMI）呈相反的变化趋势,2020年NO₂-OMI较2015年上升了7.74%,HCHO-OMI下降了10.2%.海南岛属于NO_x控制区,近6年FNR值（O₃生成敏感性）呈波动式地下降趋势,其趋势系数和气候倾向率分别为-0.514和-0.123 a^-1.气象因子与海南岛FNR值有较好的相关关系.     

利用白云石石灰去除和回收污泥消化液中磷的响应面法优化研究

针对污水处理厂污泥消化上清液的组成特点,利用白云石石灰去除和回收污泥消化液中的磷.同时,根据Box-Behnken Design实验设计及响应面法进行工艺优化,对实验过程中药剂的投加量(X1)、反应初始pH值(X2)及反应温度(X3)3个重要影响因素的单独作用及各因素之间的交互作用进行了考察,并建立了数学模型.结果表明,响应曲面模型拟合度较高(R2为0.9680),回归方程中X1、X2、X3、X1X3、X21、X22对磷去除率影响显著;综合考虑操作的简便性及经济性,选取最佳条件组合为:白云石石灰投加量300 mg·L-1,初始pH值9.0,反应温度25℃,验证实验结果为89.08%,与预测值相比偏差为0.39%.通过扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱和X射线衍射表征技术分析结晶沉淀组成和晶形特征,表明产物中含有磷酸铵镁晶体、无定形磷酸钙及杂质碳酸钙等.     

餐厨垃圾中温干式厌氧消化污泥的流变特性研究

以半连续式和序批式餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产生的污泥为研究对象,考察温度(T)、含固率(TS)和剪切速率(γ)对消化污泥流变性的影响.使用旋转粘度计测定污泥动力粘度,测定时温度范围20~70℃,消化污泥TS分别为21.41%~29.54%(半连续式)、12.09%~22.48%(序批式).试验结果表明:污泥流动性随温度升高而增强,随温度降低而减弱,且温度变化会对污泥流变性造成不可逆的影响;同一剪切速率下,污泥的动力粘度随TS含量增高而变大;粘度曲线说明厌氧消化污泥为非牛顿流体,具有剪切变稀的特点;通过剪切应力的上升曲线和下降曲线可判断厌氧消化污泥为时间相关性流体,动力粘度-时间曲线进一步说明污泥为触变性流体;TS12%时,有必要设置搅拌系统,剪切速率控制在10.4~20.9 s-1较为合适;污泥的TS含量越高,温度、TS和剪切对流变性的影响越明显.试验可为厌氧消化反应器的搅拌系统和热交换系统设计提供一定的基础数据.     

Effect of the chlortetracycline addition method on methane production from the anaerobic digestion of swine wastewater

Effects of antibiotic residues on methane production in anaerobic digestion are commonly studied using the following two antibiotic addition methods：（1） adding manure from animals that consume a diet containing antibiotics, and（2） adding antibiotic-free animal manure spiked with antibiotics. This study used chlortetracycline（CTC） as a model antibiotic to examine the effects of the antibiotic addition method on methane production in anaerobic digestion under two different swine wastewater concentrations（0.55 and 0.22 mg CTC/g dry manure）. The results showed that CTC degradation rate in which manure was directly added at 0.55 mg CTC/g（HSPIKE treatment） was lower than the control values and the rest of the treatment groups. Methane production from the HSPIKEtreatment was reduced（p 〈 0.05） by 12% during the whole experimental period and 15% during the first 7 days. The treatments had no significant effect on the pH and chemical oxygen demand value of the digesters, and the total nitrogen of the0.55 mg CTC/kg manure collected from mediated swine was significantly higher than the other values. Therefore, different methane production under different antibiotic addition methods might be explained by the microbial activity and the concentrations of antibiotic intermediate products and metabolites. Because the primary entry route of veterinary antibiotics into an anaerobic digester is by contaminated animal manure, the most appropriate method for studying antibiotic residue effects on methane production may be using manure from animals that are given a particular antibiotic, rather than adding the antibiotic directly to the anaerobic digester.     

关于建立藻类自动检测、分类与存储系统的方法的研究

基于计算机视觉和模式识别理论,研究自动和便捷的的藻类检测分类系统,实现提高检测的准确性和工作效率,实现水生生物的自动检测、分类与存储。     

餐厨垃圾固渣厌氧发酵产甲烷潜力及Logistic动力学研究

为考察餐厨垃圾经提炼生物柴油处理后的固渣厌氧生物处理的可行性,在中温条件下,研究固渣批式厌氧发酵的产气特性和物质转化过程,并结合Logistic方程分析该固渣厌氧消化产甲烷的动力学过程.结果表明,该固渣具有较高的厌氧发酵产甲烷潜力,在2:1的物料比条件下,单位质量固渣产气效率最高,甲烷产量达633 NmL/gVS.稳定状态下,Logistic方程可以较好地分析餐厨垃圾固渣厌氧发酵产甲烷过程(决定系数R2＞ 0.99),经过拟合,产甲烷潜力为661.33NmL/g VS,最大产甲烷速率为106.78 NmL/(g VS-d),无滞后期,与试验结果基本一致.随底物负荷提高,总挥发性脂肪酸和氨氨的质量浓度分别达到14 800 mg/L、2 500 mg/L,pH值降至5.0左右,产甲烷菌活性受到总挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)、高浓度氨氮(NH4+-N)及低pH值的严重抑制.     

Distributed generation by energy from waste technology: A life cycle perspective

Municipal Solid Waste in general and its organic fraction in particular is a potential renewable and non-seasonal resource. In this work, a life cycle assessment has been performed to evaluate the environmental impacts of two future scenarios using biogas produced from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) to supply energy to a group of dwellings, respectively comprising distributed generation using solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) micro-CHP systems and condensing boilers. The London Borough of Greenwich is taken as the reference case study. The system is designed to assess how much energy demand can be met and what is the best way to use the digestible waste for distributed energy purposes.The system is compared with two alternative scenarios fuelled by natural gas: a reference scenario, where the electricity is supplied by the grid and the heat is supplied from condensing boilers, and a fuel cell micro-CHP system. The results show that, although OFMSW alone can only supply between 1% and 4% of the total energy demand of the Borough, a saving of ∼130 tonnes of CO₂ eq per year per dwelling equipped with micro-CHP is still achievable compared with the reference scenario. This is primarily due to the surplus electricity produced by the fuel cell when the micro-CHP unit is operated to meet the heat demand. Use of biogas to produce heat only is therefore a less desirable option compared with combined heat and power production. Further investigation is required to identify locally available feedstock other than OFMSW in order to increase the proportion of energy demand that can be met in this way.     

土霉素对厌氧发酵中酶活性和甲烷产量的影响

以猪粪为原料,小麦秸秆为调节物质,在小型厌氧发酵装置进行中温(37℃)厌氧发酵试验,研究了外源添加土霉素(OTC)对厌氧发酵过程中累积甲烷产量、脲酶活性和脱氢酶活性的影响以及土霉素的浓度变化情况.依据土霉素的添加量不同,试验共设置4个处理:CK处理,L处理(OTC质量分数60 mg·kg-1),M处理(OTC质量分数100 mg·kg-1),H处理(OTC质量分数140 mg·kg-1).结果表明:厌氧发酵初期,土霉素对甲烷累积产量有一定的促进作用,以后转变为抑制作用.厌氧发酵结束时,同对照相比,L至H处理甲烷累积产量依次减少了8.9%,4.6%,9.4%.厌氧发酵初期,土霉素对脲酶活性有一定的促进作用,随后转变为抑制作用;厌氧发酵前期,不同浓度土霉素对脱氢酶活性均表现为抑制作用,厌氧发酵后期,只有H处理的脱氢酶活性显著小于对照.土霉素含量在第10 d大幅度减少,30 d后土霉素含量基本维持不变.     

基于PCA-LSSVM的厌氧废水处理系统出水VFA在线预测模型

采用IC厌氧废水处理系统处理人工合成废水,并利用PCA-LSSVM模型对系统出水挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)进行预测.首先利用主成分分析法(PCA)分析影响厌氧废水出水VFA浓度的多个变量的相关性并降低输入变量维数,然后用网格搜索结合10倍交叉验证优化LSSVM模型参数sig2和gam,最后利用建立的模型对实验数据进行仿真预测.仿真结果表明,稳态LSSVM模型对稳态条件下厌氧废水处理系统出水VFA具有很好的仿真预测能力,相对误差在4.72%以内,平均相对百分比误差(MAPE)为1.61%,均方根误差(RMSE)为1.08,相关系数达0.9996;稳态干扰LSSVM模型对厌氧废水处理系统出水VFA的仿真预测精度有所降低但仍然具有较好的预测能力,平均相对百分比误差(MAPE)为15.83%,均方根误差(RMSE)为15.45,相关系数为0.9984,该方法可为厌氧出水VFA在线预测和厌氧废水处理系统的优化控制提供指导.     

腐殖质对污泥厌氧消化的影响及其屏蔽方法

《巴黎气候协定》的签署意味着污水处理碳中和运行时代的来临,这就需要将剩余污泥尽可能最大程度地转化为可再生能源—甲烷(CH4).细胞破壁、木质纤维素破稳及腐殖质解抑制是提高污泥厌氧消化能源转化率的主要技术手段.相对于细胞与木质纤维素,腐殖质不仅结构更为复杂、自身难以生物降解,而且还会抑制其它有机物水解.虽然腐殖质亦有促进酸化、产氢/乙酸、产甲烷过程的微弱可能,但它对水解过程的抑制是肯定的、显著的、难以逆转的.因此,需要深入了解污泥中腐殖质来源、形成、结构及性质,综合分析它对污泥厌氧消化水解、酸化、产氢/乙酸、产甲烷阶段的各种影响,探讨消除腐殖质抑制水解过程的不同技术路径,重点描述外加金属离子对腐殖质的屏蔽作用.以期为提高污泥厌氧消化能源转化率制定可行的技术路线.