竹炭对微污染水中有机污染物的吸附

测定了竹炭对微污染水源水中CODMn,UV254,UV410的去除效果,研究了竹炭粒径、竹炭用量、吸附时间、溶液pH值对竹炭吸附特性的影响,并由正交试验确定出竹炭去除水中CODMn,UV254,UV410的最佳吸附条件。研究表明,粒径越小,竹炭的吸附效果越好;竹炭用量为100mg、吸附时间为1h时,竹炭对各指标去除率最高;弱酸条件对竹炭对各指标的吸附最有利,当pH值=4时竹炭对各指标的去除率最大;正交试验确定出动态吸附最佳操作条件为：竹炭粒径为100～200目,质量为100mg,振荡吸附1h,原水pH值为4。     

Interaction mechanisms of organic contaminants with burned straw ash charcoal

Black carbons(e.g.,charcoal) have a great impact on the transport of organic contaminants in soil and water because of its strong affnity and ubiquity in the environment.To further elucidate their interaction mechanism,sorption of polar(p-nitrotoluene,m-dinitrobenzene and nitrobenzene) and nonpolar(naphthalene) aromatic contaminants to burned straw ash charcoal under different de-ashed treatments were investigated.The sorption isotherms fitted well with Freundlich equation,and the Freundlich N values were all around 0.31-0.38,being independent of the sorbate properties and sorbent types.After sequential removal of ashes by acid treatments(HCl and HCl-HF) ,both adsorption and partition were enhanced due to the enrichment of charcoal component.The separated contribution of adsorption and partition to total sorption were quantified.The effective carbon content in ash charcoal functioned as adsorption sites,partition phases,and hybrid regions with adsorption and partition were conceptualized and calculated.The hybrid regions increased obviously after de-ashed treatment.The linear relationships of Freundlich N values with the charring-temperature of charcoal or biochar(the charred byproduct in biomass pyrolysis) were observed based on the current study and the cited publications which included 15 different temperatures(100-850°C) ,10 kinds of precursors of charcoal/biochar,and 10 organic sorbates.     

优化热脱附技术对十溴联苯醚污染土壤的适用性及修复效果

为了探索绿色、高效、环保的修复PBDEs污染土壤的技术,在热脱附技术基础上将木炭同时作为尾气吸附剂和燃烧热源,处理不同十溴联苯醚污染水平的PBDEs(多溴联苯醚)污染土壤,通过14种不同溴代PBDEs同系物分析十溴联苯醚的降解产物组分并计算其去除率. 结果表明:在热脱附技术处理后,十溴联苯醚初始污染水平分别为500、800和1 000 μg/kg,污染土壤中PBDEs的去除率分别为63%、81%、94%. 14种不同溴代PBDEs同系物在热脱附反应后的残留产物中均有检出,其中热脱附处理后的土壤中以三溴和四溴PBDEs产物占优势,而尾气中则以四溴和五溴PBDEs产物为主. 根据热脱附试验前后土壤中PBDEs的结构组成对比及分析可知,降解和脱溴反应在整个热脱附反应过程中发挥了重要作用. 另外,XAD树脂吸附柱中虽有少量的氯代和溴代二英类物质(PCDD/Fs和PBDD/Fs)被检出,但其毒性当量浓度均小于0.1 ng/m3,符合欧盟、日本及我国所规定的二英物质排放标准. 研究显示,在利用优化的热脱附技术修复十溴联苯醚污染土壤过程中,PBDEs的去除率与污染土壤中其污染水平相关,并且热脱附过程以降解及逐级脱溴反应为主.      

臭氧氧化自来水生物稳定性研究

采用可同化有机碳研究某石化地区臭氧氧化自来水的生物稳定性。结果表明,地下水原水ＡＯＣ含量为４１３μｇ／Ｌ,不仅有生物稳定性,水源遭到有机物污染。     

牛骨粉对Cd污染土壤修复效应和土壤肥力的影响

通过一年静态培养试验,研究了牛骨粉对碱性和酸性Cd污染土壤钝化修复效应及土壤基本理化性质、肥力和酶活性的影响.结果表明,与对照相比,投加牛骨粉后碱性土壤有机质和含水率分别降低了5.4%～14.3%和0.29%～3.04%,而土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)增加了10.8%～18.9%;在酸性土壤中,添加牛骨粉后土壤pH、有机质和CEC分别较对照增加了0.70～1.42、0.4%～6.7%和1.1%～3.4%,含水率则下降了0.75%～2.58%.两种土壤有机碳红外光谱特征峰相似,图谱形状基本一致,但强度存在不同程度的差异.施用牛骨粉后土壤总氮、总磷和全钾含量均有所提高,其中,碱性土壤最大分别增加了39.8%、345.2%和3.4%,酸性土壤最大分别增加了61.0%、612.9%和5.1%.铵态氮、硝态氮、有效磷、速效钾含量均随牛骨粉施加量的增加而增加.土壤中TCLP(toxicity characteristic leaching procedure)提取态Cd含量随牛骨粉投加量增加而降低,与对照相比,酸性和碱性土壤分别减少了38.9%～71.9%和8.6%～18.2%.施加牛骨粉整体上促进了土壤过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶和尿酶活性(仅碱性土壤脲酶活性受到抑制).在碱性土壤中,土壤有效态Cd含量与pH、有机质、含水率、有效磷和速效钾呈显著正相关(p0.01),而与阳离子交换量、全氮、全磷、过氧化氢酶表现为显著负相关(p0.01).在酸性土壤中,土壤有效态Cd含量与pH、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、有效磷、速效钾、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶呈显著负相关(p0.01),而与含水率呈显著正相关(p0.01).综合评价表明,采用牛骨粉原位钝化修复Cd污染土壤有效可行.     

Anaerobic digestion of agro-industrial waste enriched with bovine bone meal for improved biogas production and biofertilization

The increase in animal and agro-industrial production must be accompanied by the development of appropriate waste and by-product management strategies. Anaerobic digestion is a promising approach to recycle these wastes and reintegrate them into the economic production cycle of biogas and biofertilizer. In order to improve the performance of the anaerobic mesophilic digestion of abundant agro-industrial wastes constituted by potato peel (PP), and poultry waste (PW) and study the contribution of bovine bone meal (BB) as additive rich in phosphorus, which can help to neutralize the acidity of the substrate. The 10-point simplex-centroid design and the isoresponse surfaces strategy were used. This study demonstrated that in mesophilic bio-digestion, the using bovine bones in admixture with agroindustrial residue provided for the proper balance of chemical components required for proliferation of microbiological agent of bioconversion, which also resulted in an increase in biogas production capacity. The best formula was so composed by 66.67% bovine bone, 16.67% potatoes peel, and 16.67% poultry waste. The stability was achieved here after only 12 days. The digestate generated from it was fulfilled with the microbiological and chemical requirements for safety defined by the NF U44-551 standard. Germination test revealed that this optimal produced digestate, did not hinder growth, in fact, almost 85% of seed was germinated. Finally, fertilization experiments prove that this digestate can boost the growth of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum).     

活性炭对两种生物染料脱色效果的实验研究

以颗粒状活性炭为吸附载体,对两种单体生物染料进行脱色吸附实验研究。通过实验确定出最佳优化条件：活性炭用量80g/L,溶液pH值约为5、5,溶液最佳温度为35℃,搅拌速度为150rpm／min,此时染料脱色率可达98％以上;在几种条件实验过程中,将两种染料进行对比发现：红色染料脱色率一般都比绿色染料脱色率高,而且前者一般比后者反应较敏感。同时,从活性炭的表面结构方面探讨吸附脱色机理,为活性炭深度处理印染废水的研究可提供一定的科学依据。     

Quantification of uncertainty of experimental measurement in leaching test on cement-based materials

When mineral wastes are reused in construction materials, a current practice is to evaluate their environmental impact using standard leaching test. However, due to the uncertainty of the measurement, it is usually quite difficult to estimate the pollutant potential compared to other materials or threshold limits. The aim of this paper is to give a quantitative evaluation of the uncertainty of leachate concentrations of cement-based materials, as a function of the number of test performed. The relative standard deviations and relative confidence intervals are determined using experimental data in order to give a global evaluation of the uncertainty of leachate concentrations (determination of total relative standard deviation). Various combinations were realized in order to point out the origin of large dispersion of the results (determination of relative standard deviation linked to analytical measured and to leaching procedure), generalisation was suggested and the results were compared to literature. An actual example was given about the introduction of residue (meat and bone meal bottom ash--MBM-BA) in mortar, leaching tests were carried out on various samples with and without residue MBM-BA. In conclusion large dispersion were observed and mainly due to heterogeneity of materials. So heightened attention needed to analyse leaching result on cement-based materials and further more other tests (e.g. ecotoxicology) should be performed to evaluate the environmental effect of these materials.     

稀土元素的骨蓄积性、毒性及其对人群健康的潜在危害

综合论述了稀土元素在机体内的蓄积性及其毒性效应,分析了稀土农业应用对生态环境和人群骨系统健康的潜在危害.稀土元素被长期低剂量摄入,可在骨组织中蓄积,导致骨组织结构变化,骨髓微核率增高,产生遗传毒性.