Analysis of the influencing factors of PAEs volatilization from typical plastic products

The primary emphasis of this research was to investigate the foundations of phthalate(PAEs) pollutant source researches and then firstly confirmed the concept of the coefficient of volatile strength, namely phthalate total content in per unit mass and unit surface area of pollutant sources. Through surveying and evaluating the coefficient of volatile strength of PAEs from typical plastic products, this research carried out reasonable classification of PAEs pollutant sources into three categories and then investigated the relationship amongst the coefficient of volatile strength as well as other environmental factors and the concentration level of total PAEs in indoor air measured in environment chambers.Research obtained phthalate concentration results under different temperature, humidity,the coefficient of volatile strength and the closed time through the chamber experiment. In addition, this study further explored the correlation and ratio of influencing factors that affect the concentration level of total PAEs in environment chambers, including environmental factors, the coefficient of volatile strengths of PAEs and contents of total PAEs in plastic products. The research created an improved database system of phthalate the coefficient of volatile strengths of each type of plastic goods, and tentatively revealed that the volatile patterns of PAEs from different typical plastic goods, finally confirmed that the coefficient of volatile strengths of PAEs is a major factor that affects the indoor air total PAEs concentration, which laid a solid foundation for further establishing the volatile equation of PAEs from plastic products.     

辽河干流河岸带土壤有机磷酸酯污染特征研究

本研究分析了辽河干流河岸带土壤中有机磷酸酯（OPEs）的含量水平,阐明了其空间分布特征,探讨了OPEs含量与土壤总有机碳（TOC）的关系,评估了OPEs造成的潜在生态风险.结果表明,13种OPEs在辽河干流河岸带土壤中的总浓度范围为19.6~89.4ng/g,平均浓度为44.2ng/g,处于国内外研究的较低水平;河岸带土壤中OPEs的含量总体上表现为上游较低、中下游较高,辽河上游主要由烷基OPEs和TPPO（Triphenylphosphine oxide）组成,辽河中下游主要是烷基OPEs;辽河干流河岸带土壤中OPEs的含量与土壤TOC含量没有相关性,这与OPEs的疏水特性有关;各OPEs单体的危害熵以及12种OPEs的总危害熵均低于1,表明辽河干流河岸带土壤中OPEs造成的生态风险较小.     

长江武汉段丰水期水体和沉积物中多环芳烃及邻苯二甲酸酯类有机污染物污染特征及来源分析

持久性有机污染物(POPs)在我国地表水和沉积物等环境介质中被广泛检出,对生态环境和人类健康具有潜在的风险.针对现阶段长江经济带核心区域(武汉段)POPs的污染状况信息严重缺乏的问题,本文以使用量较大且环境中检出高的PAHs和PAEs为研究对象,通过对2016年长江武汉段干流15个采样点丰水期水体和沉积物中16种PAHs和6种PAEs污染物含量水平、分布特征和污染来源的系统分析.结果表明,长江武汉段2016年丰水期水体和沉积物中ΣPAHs浓度分别为20.8~90.4 ng·L~(-1)(均值40.7 ng·L~(-1))和46.1~424.0 ng·g~(-1)(均值191.8 ng·g~(-1)),ΣPAEs浓度分别为280.9~779.0 ng·L~(-1)(均值538.6 ng·L~(-1))和1 346.2~7 641.1 ng·g~(-1)(均值3 699.5 ng·g~(-1)).PAHs和PAEs含量均低于国家地表水环境质量标准规定的限值,污染程度小.长江武汉段水体中PAHs以2~3环为主,沉积物中PAHs以2~3环和4环为主,水体和沉积物中PAEs以DEHP和DBP为主.基于比率及主成分分析,长江武汉段水体与沉积物中PAHs主要的来源为煤和生物质燃烧,以及石油来源;水体和沉积物中PAEs的主要来源于塑料和重化工工业,以及生活垃圾.水体及沉积物中两类典型POPs(PAHs和PAEs)对人类健康会产生潜在有害影响,需加强监控.研究成果可为长江(武汉段)环境保护提供基础数据和技术支撑.     

城市典型不透水下垫面径流中邻苯二甲酸酯的污染特征

在我国属于优先控制污染物的邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)应用依然广泛,径流中的PAEs对受纳水体的污染值得高度关注.对上海典型的城市不透水下垫面路面及屋面降雨径流中6种优先控制PAEs的质量浓度进行监测,评价城市不透水下垫面径流中PAEs的污染特征.结果表明,上海市路面及屋面径流中Σ_6PAEs的EMC平均值分别为170. 64μg·L~(-1)和40. 92μg·L~(-1),与国外城市相比污染严重,DEHP为主要PAEs污染物.对不同类型水样中PAEs含量差异的显著性分析发现,不同下垫面径流中低分子量(LMW) PAEs浓度不存在显著性差异,路面径流中高分子量(HMW) PAEs浓度显著高于屋面径流及雨水(P 0. 01),道路交通是造成下垫面径流PAEs污染的重要因素.路面径流中PAEs、TSS及COD浓度随降雨历时的变化特征表明,PAEs的变化趋势与TSS及COD相同,初期径流浓度较高,存在初期冲刷效应.不透水下垫面径流中PAEs浓度及其影响因素的相关分析表明,屋面径流中Σ_6PAEs浓度与降雨强度呈负相关,与TSS呈正相关.路面径流中Σ_6PAEs浓度与降雨量、降雨强度呈负相关,与前期晴天数、TSS、COD呈正相关.下垫面径流中Σ_6PAEs浓度与表面累积的颗粒物含量有关. DEHP、DBP为我国《地表水环境质量标准》控制污染物,路面及屋面径流中DEHP的浓度超过8μg·L~(-1)的标准值分别达到32、7倍,路面径流中DBP浓度在多数降雨事件中超过标准值3μg·L~(-1),屋面径流中DBP浓度在多数降雨事件中低于标准值,下垫面径流直接排放对受纳水体,特别是饮用水水源地存在威胁.     

Uptake and Metabolism of TNT and GTN by Plants Expressing Bacterial Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Reductase

The manufacture and improper disposal of explosives has resulted in a significant amount of land requiring remediation. The compound 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) is the most persistent and toxic of the explosive pollutants with current treatment methods being energy intensive and costly. Bacterial enzymes such as pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase (PETNR) from Enterobacter cloacae PB2 have been found to have activity against TNT; however, microbes often lack the biomassnecessary for remediation applications. The PETNRgene (onr1) was transformed into tobacco plants in an attempt to combine the metabolic diversity of microbes with the sequestering properties of plants. The resulting transgenic plants were shown to have enhanced tolerance to TNT during germination and as seedlings. Phytoremediation applications with these plants may provide an alternative treatment of TNT contamination.     

用GC-MS测定空气中丙烯酸酯类污染物

采用活性碳吸附-二硫化碳解吸,GC-MS法测定空气中丙烯酸酯类污染物,采样体积为2h时,定量下限为0.5～1.6μg/m3。在吸附总量小于5mg时,活性碳吸附效率几近100%。CS2提取效率也都在95%以上。方法相对标准偏差为0.5%～3%,回收率为95%～109%。     

Associations between maternal phthalate exposure and cord sex hormones in human infants

It has been speculated that maternal phthalate exposure may affect reproductive development in human newborns. However, the mechanism awaits further investigation. The aim is to evaluate the association between maternal phthalate exposure and cord sex steroid hormones in pregnant women and their newborns from the general population. A total of 155 maternal and infant pair were recruited and analyzed. Levels of urinary phthalate metabolites and sex steroid hormones were determined using liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) and radioimmunoassay (RIA), respectively. No significant correlation was found between each steroid hormones and phthalate metabolites for male newborns, except MMP was marginally significantly correlated with E₂. After adjusting for maternal age, estradiol (E₂) levels in cord serum from male newborns were not correlated with maternal urinary phthalate metabolites. In female newborns, the maternal urinary levels of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) and mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (5OH-MEHP) were negatively correlated with the free testosterone (fT) and fT/E₂ levels in cord serum with Pearson correlation coefficients ranging between −0.24 and −0.29 (p < 0.05). Additionally, after gestational age was adjusted, the maternal urinary level of DEHP was negatively correlated with the free testosterone (fT) and fT/E₂ levels in cord serum. We suggest that maternal exposure to phthalates may affect sex steroid hormones status in fetal and newborn stage.     

Distribution of PAEs in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, China

Samples of water, sediment and suspended particulates were collected from 13 sites in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in China. Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) concentrations in different phases of each sample were determined by Gas Chromatogram GC-FID. The results are shown as follows: (1) In the Xiao Langdi–Dongming Bridge section, PAEs concentrations in water phase from the main river ranged from 3.99 × 10⁻³ to 45.45 × 10⁻³ mg/L, which were similar to those from other rivers in the world. The PAEs levels in the tributaries of the Yellow River were much higher than those of the main river. (2) In the studied branches, the concentration of PAEs in sediment for Luoyang Petrochemical Channel (331.70 mg/Kg) was the highest. The concentrations of PAEs in sediment phase of the main river were 30.52 to 85.16 mg/Kg, which were much higher than those from other rivers in the world. In the main river, the concentration level of PAEs on suspended solid phases reached 94.22 mg/Kg, and it reached 691.23 mg/Kg in the Yiluo River – one tributary of the Yellow River. (3) Whether in the sediment or on the suspended solid phases, there was no significant correlation between the contents of PAEs and TOC or particle size of the solid phase; and the calculated Koc of Di (2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) in the river were much less than the theoretical value, which inferred that PAEs were not on the equilibrium between water and suspended solid phases/sediment. (4) Among the measured PAEs compounds, the proportions of DEHP and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) were much higher than the others. The concentrations of DEHP exceeded the Quality Standard in all the main river and tributary stations except those in the Mengjin and Jiaogong Bridge of the main river. This indicates that more attention should be paid to pollution control and further assessment in understanding risks associated with human health.     

大辽河表层水中邻苯二甲酸酯分布特征及环境健康风险评价

利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)检测了大辽河表层水中邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)有机污染物的浓度水平,分析其分布特征,并对PAEs类有机污染物的环境健康风险进行了评价。结果表明,大辽河表层水中共检出4种PAEs,其质量浓度范围为n.d.#0.754μg·L~(-1)。4种PAEs类中质量浓度平均值最高的为邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DIOP)(0.36μg·L~(-1)),最低的为邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)(0.01μg·L~(-1))。4种PAEs浓度贡献大小依次为:邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DIOP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)。DBP浓度基本符合国家地表水环境质量标准(GB3838—2002)。与国内其他水域相比,大辽河表层水中PAEs的污染程度处于较低水平。DMP和DEP的最高值均出现在营口市区最主要的工业和生活污水排污口之一——纱厂潮沟采样点,DBP和DIOP的最高值则分别出现在牛庄大桥和港监潮沟采样点。总PAEs类有机污染物分布趋势为:在工业分布较多的区域及主城区附近水域PAEs浓度较高,大辽河上游区域PAEs浓度相对较低。利用US EPA健康风险评估模型粗略估算,大辽河表层水中PAEs类污染物的非致癌风险指数值低于1。     

最大累积率识别中国地表水中邻苯二甲酸酯类关键污染物和复合污染生态风险

邻苯二甲酸酯类物质(phthalic acid esters,PAEs)环境存在量大,研究表明其能对水生生物造成寿命减少、发育不良、细胞受损等负效应.因此,为保护水生生物,我国地表水中PAEs的生态风险需要科学评估.本文利用了风险商法(risk quotient,RQ)、最大累积率法(maximum cumulative ratio,MCR)、联合概率曲线法(joint probability curve,JPC)结合毒性当量的概念构建了三层级生态风险评价体系,借此评估了我国地表水中PAEs的分布情况与生态风险.结果显示,我国地表水中共检出19种PAEs,浓度范围为ND—5616.80μg·L^-1.邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,DEHP)和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(dibutyl phthalate,DBP)环境存在量最高,且DEHP为PAEs风险的主要贡献者.以DEHP为参照物,JPC的结果显示我国PAEs对5%生物造成急性影响的概率为6.25%—24.02%,造成慢性影响的概率为8.05%—27.79%.PAEs对我国水生生态系统,尤其是西北、东北、中部及华东地区存在较高的生态风险.