In autogenous welding, cutting and allied processes, so-called dry safety devices are used to protect the outlet terminals of gas distribution lines. To prevent flame transmission, these units are fitted with sintered metal flame arrester elements. At the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), extensive investigations have been carried out with an experimental flame arrester to determine the limits of safety against flame transmission for sintered metal flame arrester elements in the case of flashback in fuel gas/oxygen mixtures. On the basis of the results of these investigations, it is possible to estimate the pore sizes up to which a sintered metal element can prevent any flame transmission with a given fuel gas. 相似文献
The present investigation provides data of some ions, namely Na+, Ca2+, NH4+,Cl-, NO3-,CN- and PO43- on water samples of river Osun,selected rivers in the region and groundwaters. The pH,temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolvedsolids (TDS), total hardness (TH) and total carbon (IV) oxide(TCO2) have also been determined to asses the chemicalstatus and pollution levels of these water sources. The highervalues of certain parameters with respect to the acceptablestandard limits for drinking water indicate the pollution inboth groundwater and river water samples of the study area, and make the waters unsuitable for various applications. Thehigh pollution river water source showed higher levels ofphosphate, nitrate and ammonium ions (P < 0.05). There is nosignificant difference (P < 0.05) between the meanconcentrations of other inorganic nutrients in the high and lowpollution water source types. The correlation coefficientbetween quality parameter pairs of river water and groundwatersamples are determined and the significance of these parametersin both types of water sources are discussed. 相似文献
In this paper, we investigate the Precautionary Principle (PP) in action. Precaution is a fairly new concept in environmental
policy. It emerged back in the 1960s but did not consolidate until the 1980s, as it formed part of the major changes taking
place in environmental policies at that time. The PP is examined in three contexts. Firstly, we look at the meaning of the
concept and how it is disseminated through the media and public discourses to the political arenas of Denmark. Then we examine
how the idea is adopted to the political level. Thirdly, we look briefly at the first Danish translation of the principle
into a practical context, which includes translations into concrete scientific practices. It is concluded that if the PP shall
be more than a simple “idea” or a frequently used “term,” emphasis must be put on the transformation of the concept into concrete
practices, like e.g., the alternative testing regimes that we show in the case of plant growth-retarding pesticides presented
in this paper. 相似文献
Chemical and toxicological profiles were assessed in surface sediments (fraction <63 μm) from the southern North Sea. In extracts of freeze-dried samples, polybrominated biphenyl (PBB), Irgarol 1051 and phthalate concentrations were below the respective detection limits (except di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, which was between 170 and 3300 μg kg−1 dry weight (dw)). Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) concentrations were between 0.8 and 6.9 μg kg−1 dw, with highest concentrations at river mouths. Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) concentrations were 0.4–0.6 μg kg−1 dw, decabromodiphenylether (BDE209) 1–32 μg kg−1 dw. The ratio BDE209/PCB153 was used as a tracer for recent emissions, and pointed towards a BDE209 source in the Western Scheldt’s upper estuary. PCBs and PAHs were between 0.19–4.7 and 2.6–200 μg kg−1 dw respectively and generally had highest concentrations at near-shore locations and river mouths.
Responses in the Microtox broad-spectrum and the Mutatox genotoxicity assays were generally low, with near-shore locations giving higher responses. The umu-C genotoxicity and the ER-CALUX assay for estrogenicity showed no response, with the exception of one near-shore location (IJmuiden outer harbour, ER-CALUX).
Highest dioxin-like toxicity (DR-CALUX) was found at near-shore locations, in the outflow of the Rhine/Meuse estuary including a dumping site of harbour sludge. At the Oyster Grounds, DR-CALUX responses appeared to be linked to the occurrence of larger PAHs (4–6 rings). A new, non-destructive clean up procedure resulted in significantly higher DR-CALUX responses than the current protocol. The Dutch legislation on disposal of harbour sludge at sea, dictates the use of the conventional clean up procedure. Our results therefore indicate that probably more dioxin-like toxicity associated with harbour sludge is disposed off at sea than assumed. 相似文献