中国冰雪资源高质量开发：理论审视、实践转向与挑战应对

推动冰雪资源高质量开发,是实现联合国可持续发展目标的新路径与新模式,是践行“两山理论”的重要环节,也是落实全民健身国家战略、助力体育强国建设的重要手段。在实际建设的理论指导层面,社会学所倡导的幸福感理论明确了冰雪资源高质量开发的终极目标,资源经济学的资源价值理论为冰雪资源的价值认识及价格核算提供了科学工具,地理学的人地关系理论是探究空间分异规律及人地系统耦合路径的理论基石。基于我国冰雪资源开发实践的系列转变及现实挑战,提出我国冰雪资源高质量开发的实现路径,即坚持观念创新的发展方式、多重协调的发展要求、积极开放的发展理念以及主客共赢的发展目标。     

Spectroscopic Distribution of Dissolved Organic Matter in a Dam Reservoir Impacted by Turbid Storm Runoff

Spectroscopic characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a large dam reservoir were determined using ultraviolet absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy to investigate spatial distribution of DOM composition after turbid storm runoff. Water samples were collected along a longitudinal axis of the reservoir at three to four depths after a severe storm runoff. Vertical profiles of turbidity data showed that a turbid water layer was located at a middle depth of the entire reservoir. The spectroscopic characteristics of DOM samples in the turbid water layer were similar to those of terrestrial DOM, as demonstrated by the higher specific UV absorbance (SUVA) and the lower fluorescence emission intensity ratio (F ₄₅₀/F ₅₀₀) compared to other surrounding DOM samples in the reservoir. Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that higher content of humic-like DOM composition was contained in the turbid water. Fluorescence excitation–emission matrix (EEM) showed that lower content of protein-like aromatic amino acids was present in the turbid water DOM. The highest protein-like fluorescence was typically observed at a bottom layer of each sampling location. The bottom water DOM exhibited extremely high protein-like florescence near the dam site. The particular observation was attributed to the low water temperature and the isolation of the local bottom water due to the upper location of the withdrawal outlet near the dam. Our results suggest that the distribution of DOM composition in a dam reservoir is strongly influenced by the outflow operation, such as selective withdrawal, as well as terrestrial-origin DOM inputs from storm runoff.     

溶解性有机物对冰相中蒽和芘光降解的影响

以Suwannee River Fulvic Acid Standard II(SRFA)、Upper Mississippi River NOM(UMRN)、Elliott Soil Humic Acid Standard IV(ESHA)和Leonardite Humic Acid Standard(LHA) 4种溶解性有机物(Dissolved Organic Matter, DOM)为研究对象,利用125 W高压汞灯作为模拟光源进行室内模拟光解实验,考察了DOM对冰相中蒽和芘光降解的影响.其中,SRFA和UMRN是水源DOM,ESHA和LHA是陆源DOM.结果表明,蒽和芘在冰相中均可以发生直接光降解.4种DOM对冰相中蒽和芘光降解的影响行为并不相同,水源DOM对冰相中蒽和芘光降解的影响程度小于陆源DOM.DOM对冰相中蒽和芘光降解的抑制以光屏蔽效应为主.4种DOM对冰相中蒽和芘光降解均产生淬灭效应,但淬灭程度相异,DOM对蒽激发态的淬灭程度高于其对芘激发态的淬灭程度.与DOM共存条件下,冰相中芘的表观光解速率常数与DOM的SUVA值具有显著正相关性(p0.01).     

我国Natech事件分布规律及涉水Natech事件致因分析

为弥补我国自然—技术事件(Natech事件)案例研究空白,基于多种数据挖掘方法对近20 a公开报道的自然灾害诱发的技术事故案例进行收集整理,建立了Natech事件数据库.对该类事件时空分布、行业分布进行交叉分析后发现:Natech事件季节特征明显,暴雨和大风是主要肇因,建筑业和交通运输业脆弱性较强.在引入不利气象情景对...     

雨雪冰冻灾害后粤北森林各林型凋落物动态

为了考察中国亚热带不同森林类型对雨雪冰冻灾害的响应模式,以粤北天井山3种代表性的林型—针叶林、阔叶林和混交林为对象,于不同森林类型中比较受损森林与未受损森林在凋落物年产量、成分及月际动态方面的差异,从而在凋落物水平上反映不同森林类型在雨雪冰冻灾害后的早期恢复力。研究结果表明,灾后针叶林、阔叶林和混交林的年凋落量分别为0.52、3.21、1.37 t.hm-2,比未受损的同种森林类型年凋落量显著减少,减少程度分别为87.89%、53.46%、76.78%。由此可以看出阔叶林的植被恢复情况最好,说明在凋落物水平上,其灾后恢复的早期阶段恢复力最强。在凋落物成分方面,灾后各森林类型叶凋落物所占比例显著增加,枝凋落物所占比例则显著减少。受损针叶林和阔叶林的凋落物月动态与未受损森林基本一致,但其波动幅度较小;在混交林中,受损和未受损森林其凋落量的季节动态模式则表现出不一致性且为不规则型。根据研究结果,建议在亚热带地区优先考虑种植阔叶林以促进受损森林在类似雨雪冰冻灾害的极端天气后的恢复。     

Media Storms and Policy Expertise: How Environmental Beat Journalists Gained Influence During a Shale Gas Controversy

This article examines the conditions under which environmental beat journalists can gain credibility as expert informants. It shows that media storms foster a particular dynamic that can add to this credibility. Comparing a media storm over shale gas development in Quebec with regular coverage of the same issue in British Columbia, this article shows that the coverage space given to environmental beat journalists during a media storm can render their alliance with protest groups mutually beneficial. Beat journalists can benefit from the willingness of these groups to participate in their stories, while the groups benefit from increased visibility. Beat journalists also benefit by being perceived as expert informants in policy networks, a role that they use to encourage policy-makers to take the concerns of protest groups seriously. This dynamic also increases the negativity of the news coverage. The article makes a contribution to knowledge on the role of environmental journalists in policy-making processes.     

青藏高原冰川雪冰微生物研究进展

微生物作为青藏高原冰川研究的一个参数,不仅能提供丰富的物种和嗜冷基因资源作用于冰川的能量和化学物质平衡,而且还与气候和环境相关联.近年来,青藏高原冰川雪藻的研究主要在南部的Yala冰川开展,细菌的研究集中在北部冰川.这些研究主要针对冰川雪冰微生物与环境的关系.未来除在研究方法上加以改进外,还应该在微生物多样性、生态意义、嗜冷机制及其与气候和环境的关系等方面进一步深入研究.参36     

西江流域中部的洪涝特征及防洪减灾对策

对广西西江流域中部的洪涝特征进行了较全面的论述,并对西江流域防洪减灾提出了有效的对策。     

黄河口孤东油田灾害环境评价

孤东油田系新开发的油田工程之一。 位于黄河入海口的滨海地带,自然环境复杂。其中,风暴潮、黄泛和河口蚀退等不利的灾害因素,对油田安全生产的威胁比较突出。在掌握这些灾害因素时空分布规律及其影响程度的基础上,相应地提出了加固油田堤防工程、河口海岸工程等环境保护对策的意见。     

冰中和水中四环素光降解动力学及其影响因素的比较

冰雪是一类重要且普遍的环境介质,而冰雪环境光化学是一门新兴的学科.在相同光照条件下比较冰中和水中有机污染物的光化学行为,有助于揭示冰雪光化学与水环境光化学之间的异同.本文以四环素（TC）为模型化合物,比较了模拟日光（λ>290 nm）照射下不同水体冰相和水相中TC的光降解动力学,研究了不同相中溶解性物质（腐殖酸（HA）、Cl^-、NO₃^-和Fe（III））对光降解的影响及作用机制,以揭示冰雪环境光化学和水环境光化学的异同.结果表明,冰中和水中TC光解遵循准一级反应动力学,纯水冰中表观光解量子产率为4.76×10^-3,高于纯水中表观光解量子产率（3.85×10^-3）.在不同水体中,冰相TC的光解快慢顺序为海水冰中 > 淡水冰中 > 纯水冰中,而在水相中光解快慢顺序与冰相不同,为淡水中 > 海水中 > 纯水中.通过考察主要溶解性物质对冰/水中TC光降解动力学的影响发现,无论是在冰相还是水相,Cl^-、HA、NO₃^-和Fe（III）均加快了TC的光降解,且促进作用随浓度的升高而增强.但在水相与冰相中每个因素促进的程度却存在差异,相对于水环境,冰中HA、NO₃^-、Fe（III）敏化作用较大,对TC光降解的促进作用较强;而冰中Cl^-对TC光解的促进作用较水相中弱.这些溶解性物质对TC光解的促进作用能够解释海水冰、淡水冰与海水、淡水中TC相对于纯水冰相/水相具有较强的光降解能力.进一步地,将实验数据外推到实际环境,在35°~50°N地区的仲冬季,冰雪表面和水体表层TC光化学降解的半减期分别为15.4~38.9 min和19.0~48.0 min,其不仅依赖于光解发生的纬度与季节,还受到反应基质（冰/水）的影响.以上结果揭示了冰中和水中TC光化学转化行为的异同,这对于准确评价寒冷环境中此类新型污染物的归趋具有重要意义.