公众大气能见度认知下的支付意愿及影响因素

为了进一步将公众参与政策纳入到大气环境保护工作中,结合客观试验数据和实际调查问卷统计分析数据,通过向被访者展示2组10张照片(北京,摄于2011年10月),开展公众对大气能见度认知情况的实证研究,并分析生态价值观、环保态度和支付意愿的主要影响因素. 结果表明:在332名被访者中,支付意愿为0~50元/a的占28.9%,>50~100元/a的占17.8%,>100~200元/a的占12.0%,>200~500元/a的占19.0%,>500~1 000元/a的占13.9%,>1 000元/a的仅占8.4%. 公众生态价值观决定其环保态度(β=0.381,P<0.001),进而影响其对能见度改善的支付意愿(β=0.485,P<0.1). 与来自传统媒体和非盈利组织的环保信息相比,来自社交网络的环保信息能更显著地促进公众对大气环境的环保态度(β=0.117,P<0.001).      

天津冬季相对湿度对气溶胶浓度谱分布和大气能见度的影响

于2013年1月连续在线观测天津城区气溶胶数浓度谱分布和大气能见度,并结合相关气象资料,探讨相对湿度(RH)对气溶胶浓度谱分布和大气能见度的影响.结果表明,观测期间发生了4次连续雾霾天气过程, 4次雾霾天气过程对应着气溶胶粒子数浓度的连续高值,低能见度天气系高浓度气溶胶粒子和高相对湿度协同所致;随着RH增大,PN1和PN2.5-10呈增长趋势, RH>90%后,PN1和PN2.5-10有所降低,PN1-2.5则持续增长,高RH对气粒转化和气溶胶粒子的碰并聚合作用明显;气溶胶吸湿增长因子计算表明,高RH下水汽对能见度影响很大,尤其是大雾天气下其影响甚至可能超过气溶胶粒子浓度对其的影响.     

河北省气溶胶标高时空变化及其成因

以2012年河北省20个监测站的MODIS AOD(气溶胶光学厚度)和近地面水平能见度数据为基础,应用Peterson 模型和高斯模型,计算气溶胶标高月均值年内变化模型系数;应用全微分近似计算原理,构建了气溶胶标高时空变化的成因模型.结果表明:①全省平均气溶胶标高以夏季最高,为3.298 km;春、秋季次之,分别为2.864和2.284 km;冬季最低,为1.597 km. 全省气溶胶标高空间分布以夏季地域差异最显著,最大值为3.193 km;冬季地域差异最小,最大值为1.487 km. ②在全省尺度上,大气颗粒物排放强度和大气边界层高度每变化1%时,将会引致气溶胶标高分别变化0.577%和0.143%,二者对气溶胶标高变化的贡献率分别为80.1%和19.9%;在省内6个次级区域尺度上,大气颗粒物排放强度越大的区域,大气边界层高度对气溶胶标高的贡献率越大,如冀中南平原、沧州沿海平原和冀东平原的贡献率分别达到63.7%、57.8%、54.2%;反之则贡献率较低,如冀中平原、冀西北山区和冀东北山区的贡献率则分别仅为45.4%、32.6%、8.6%.      

能见度对个体疏散速度及路径选择的影响研

为提供火灾条件下人员疏散基础数据,基于4层教学楼疏散平台,开展了不同能见度环境下个体疏散实验,研究了能见度对人员疏散速度及路径选择的影响。研究结果表明:正常能见度条件下,人员的平均疏散速度为（2.37±0.23）m/s,个体间疏散速度差异明显,随着能见度降低,人员的平均疏散速度呈现均匀下降趋势,个体疏散速度最终均趋近于（0.36±0.10）m/s;人员水平疏散速度显著大于下行疏散速度,且水平疏散速度受能见度影响更大;当能见度较高时,人员以视觉作为寻路方式,倾向于选择自己最熟悉的路线进行疏散;能见度较低时,人员主要依靠触觉作为寻路方式,即借助墙或楼梯扶手进行疏散,此时人员的路径选择受到周围围挡物的共同作用。     

热障效应对有顶步行街自然排烟的影响

为了研究热障效应对有顶商业步行街自然排烟的影响,采用理论分析与数值模拟相结合的方法,对不同高度及不同环境温度条件下有顶商业步行街自然排烟时顶棚附近的温度、能见度以及排烟效率进行了分析。结果表明:顶棚附近环境温度越高,自然排烟效果越差,自然排烟效率随顶棚热空气温度的升高呈现线性降低趋势;步行街高度越高,竖直方向的温度差越小,到达顶棚的烟气流速越小,排烟效率越低;当顶棚附近环境温度为45℃时,有顶商业步行街高度不宜超过35 m。     

珠江三角洲气溶胶云造成的严重灰霾天气

大气气溶胶的气候效应和环境效应研究是当今国际科技界的热门课题。近几年来，珠江三角洲地区的气溶胶污染日趋严重，气溶胶云一年四季都可以出现，造成空气质量和能见度下降。2003年10月底至11月初，珠江三角洲出现了一次空气质量和能见度均十分恶劣的灾害性极端气候事件。通过分析，发现其形成原因主要与台风在周边地区活动，形成该地区持续性下沉气流，使得混合层被明显挤压变薄有关。文章指出，系统认识珠江三角洲大气灰霾的形成机制、影响及其控制途径，建立和发展相应的预测、预报系统将为制定这一灾害性气候事件的控制标准和综合防治对策提供稳定的科学支持。     

2005年-2008年亚洲东部沙尘暴的定期数字记录监测

地处亚洲东部的中国长春,蒙古乌兰巴托和日本鹿儿岛,作为亚洲沙尘暴的地面监测站点,用数码相机全自动定时拍摄记录天空的数字照片,通过分析数字照片数据上像素点的信息和建筑的能见度,来判断沙尘暴事件的发生及强度。对比分析了2005年-2008年冬春季节数字监测数据与NOAA,MT-SAT和Terra,Aqua/MOD IS的卫星遥感图片以及其他相关沙尘天气的报道。在监测的图片数据上,持续1-2天的强沙尘暴天气能够被清楚的识别,轻度的沙尘天气与云量较多的天气较难区别。     

上海市大气散射消光特征及其与颗粒物化学组成关系研究

为研究上海市大气颗粒物散射系数分布特征以及颗粒物化学组分贡献率,2009年用浊度仪对散射系数进行观测,同时采集PM2.5,分析其主要化学成分浓度.观测发现,秋、冬季散射系数较高,夏季最小.散射系数日变化有早、晚两个峰,午间出现低谷.散射系数与温度、风速有显著负相关性.多元回归得到OC、NO-3、NH+4是影响消光系数的主要化学成分.依据IMPROVE估算公式,将OC分为吸湿性和非吸湿性部分,并加入海盐影响,使估算bext值更接近监测值.OC、EC和硫酸铵盐为估算消光系数主要贡献成分.     

Pre-evacuation path planning in chemicals-concentrated areas with risk assessment and individual character analysis

With the ever-increasing development of those chemical parks (concentrated areas), the inherent hazards may remain the major leading cause of serious casualties, causing dramatic increases in deaths and injuries. Despite this, proper path beforehand can effectively minimise the number of deaths or injured. In this study, in order to better address the aforesaid issue, the pre-evacuation path planning was adopted to do so. This method can serve to prepare emergency response in case of extreme events, such as fires, explosions, or dangerous leakages, because these accidents could happen in chemical parks (concentrated areas). To that end, a framework was therefore proposed. First, the general risk representation was conducted. After the main hazards as well as the vulnerability within the facilities was identified, the interaction between those two factors could be expressed with matrices. This was followed by the analysis of the domino effect, which tends to occur under such circumstances. Second, individuals' visibility and inclination at each location to choose the nearest exit gate or shelter zone were analyzed by space syntax analysis. Third, a weighted risk map mainly composed of risk, individual's visibility, and inclination of exits was therefore generated. And the lowest cumulative risk path was simulated and analyzed accordingly. Finally, the map modified with received risks suggests that each individual's safest route from their current locations can be possibly simulated with Dijkstra's algorithm, which corresponds to the lowest cumulative risk. For the purposes of illustration and validation, a real case was adopted. The results demonstrated that this framework could provide both technical and theoretical support for the pre-evacuation path planning in chemicals-concentrated areas like chemicals-concentrated areas.     

Simultaneous Measurements of Atmospheric Pollutants and Visibility with a Long-Path DOAS System in Urban Areas

In this paper, the applicability of a Long-Path Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (LP-DOAS) system was checked for the feasibility of the simultaneous measurement of trace gases (such as O₃, NO₂, SO₂, and HCHO) and atmospheric visibility (light extinction by aerosols) in Asian urban areas. Field studies show that an LP-DOAS system can simultaneously measure the key pollutants (such as O₃, NO₂, SO₂, and HCHO) at detection limits in the ppb/sub-ppb range as well as the Mie extinction coefficient with an uncertainty of 0.1 km^–1 at time resolution of a few minutes. It is thus concluded that the use of LP-DOAS system is feasible for simultaneous measurement of gaseous pollutants as well as an atmospheric extinction coefficient which is tightly bound to fine particulate concentration.