包埋固定化海洋硅藻吸附材料的制备及其对水中铅离子的吸附特性研究

采用海藻酸钠(SA)凝胶包埋法对海洋硅藻藻粉进行固定化,考察了藻粉用量、海藻酸钠浓度、Ca Cl2质量分数、交联时间及小球粒径对固定化小球吸附铅离子性能的影响,并研究了这种吸附材料对Pb~(2+)的吸附特性.结果表明,固定化海洋硅藻生物吸附剂的最佳制备条件为:藻粉用量5.0 g/100 m L SA、海藻酸钠浓度20 g·L~(-1)、Ca Cl2质量分数0.5%、交联时间1 h、小球粒径2.8 mm左右.Langmuir等温吸附模型能够较好地描述固定化小球吸附对Pb~(2+)的等温吸附特征,R2为0.9983,最大理论吸附量为833.33 mg·g~(-1).准二级动力学模型能够较好地拟合固定化小球吸附Pb~(2+)的动力学过程,理论平衡吸附量为714.29 mg·g~(-1),与实验所得平衡吸附量706.55 mg·g~(-1)较为接近.固定化小球吸附Pb~(2+)的适宜初始p H值为4~5.Na Cl、Ca(NO3)2、Mg(NO3)2对固定化小球的吸附性能有一定的促进作用.本研究所制固定化海洋硅藻球形吸附材料对Pb~(2+)的吸附容量明显优于大部分研究所报道的固定化生物吸附剂,是一种很有潜力的生物吸附材料.     

UV/SPS降解水中三氯生的效能及动力学

采用短波紫外光激活过硫酸钠(UV/SPS)对水中三氯生(TCS)的去除进行了研究,考察了紫外光波长、紫外光强、过硫酸钠(SPS)投加量、pH值和腐殖酸(HA)等因素对TCS去除的影响,计算了自由基(·OH、SO_4~(·-))与TCS的二级反应速率常数及其对TCS去除的贡献值,鉴定了反应中主导自由基,对比了UV254/SPS和UV254/H_2O_2对天然水体中TCS的去除效果,GC/MS分析了TCS降解的中间产物及可能的降解路径.结果表明UV/SPS能有效去除TCS,紫外光波长为254nm,光强为11.5μW·cm-2,SPS浓度为1 mmol·L~(-1)时,100s后初始浓度为275μg·L~(-1)的TCS去除率可达98.15%,TCS降解过程符合拟一级反应动力学方程,其动力学常数K=0.039 2 s~(-1).实验范围内TCS去除的速率常数随紫外光强(I)和SPS投加量的增加而增大,波长对TCS去除影响不显著,中性条件不利于TCS降解,HA对TCS去除具有抑制作用.·OH和SO_4~(·-)与TCS反应速率常数分别为7.62×109L·mol~(-1)·s~(-1)、9.86×109L·mol~(-1)·s~(-1),UV254/SPS中主导自由基为SO_4~(·-),其对TCS去除贡献率为97.63%.UV254/SPS工艺更能有效地去除TCS,其拟一级动力学常数K值是UV254/H_2O_2工艺的4.13倍.TCS降解过程中主要生成了2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)、苯酚等中间产物.     

污水处理厂消毒技术对抗生素抗性菌的强化去除

基于消毒技术对污水处理厂出水中总异养菌(total heterotrophic bacteria,HPC)及5种抗生素抗性菌(antibiotic resistant bacteria,ARB):氨苄霉素抗性菌(AMP)、红霉素抗性菌(ERY)、四环素抗性菌(TET)、卡那霉素抗性菌(KAN)、环丙沙星抗性菌(CIP)的去除情况研究,分析消毒技术对ARB的强化去除效果.结果表明,实际污水处理厂的紫外消毒对ARB去除率仅为18.2%~40.9%,且AMP含量最高;另外,消毒技术对ERY有选择性去除效果,对其他4种ARB无明显选择性去除效果(P0.05);最后结合次氯酸钠、臭氧、紫外消毒处理对COD、NH_4~+-N的去除效果,确定强化去除ARB的消毒方式中臭氧,次氯酸钠和紫外的最佳浓度和剂量依次为5.0 mg·L~(-1)、25.0 mg·L~(-1)和45.0 m J·cm~(-2),ARB去除率依次为45.5%~74.5%、66.1%~85.5%、68.6%~85.5%,另外次氯酸钠耦合紫外消毒强化去除ARB的效果更佳.     

Photolysis of the herbicide bispyribac sodium in aqueous medium under the influence of UV and sunlight in presence or absence of sensitizers

The photolysis of a rice herbicide Bispyribac sodium (Sodium 2, 6-bis [(4, 6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl) oxy] benzoate) has been studied in different aqueous medium (distilled water, pond water and Irrigation water) under the influence of UV (λ max ≥ 250 nm) and sunlight in presence or absence of sensitizers (TiO₂ and KNO₃). The study was conducted under laboratory simulated condition which made it possible to evaluate the contribution of different factors viz. source of irradiation, solvent and sensitizers towards the photolysis of bispyribac sodium. The photodegradation proceeds via first order reaction Kinetics in all the cases. Five photo metabolites (M₁-M₅) were isolated in pure form by column chromatographic method from the irradiation system under UV influenced and TiO₂ as sensitizer. From the different spectral data (IR, NMR, UV-VIS, Mass) the structure of these five metabolites were assigned as M₁ (Phenol), M₂ [2, 6-Dihydroxy benzoic acid], M₃ [2, 6-bis [(4, 6 dimethoxypyrimidin-2yl) oxy] benzoic acid], M₄ [2-(3-Hydroxy-phenoxy)-pyrimidine-4, 6-diol] and M₅ as [2,4-Dihydroxy-3, 5-dimethoxy-6-(4-methoxy pyrimidine-2-yloxy)-benzoic acid]. Moreover, another six photometabolites (M₆-M₁₁) were identified from the different irradiation system on the basis of Micromass analysis. On the basis of MS/MS data analysis, the structure of these six photometabolites were assigned as M₆ [2-(4, 6-Dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-yloxy)-6-hydroxy-benzoic acid], M₇ [2-Hydroxy-6-(4-hydroxy-6-methoxy-pyrimidin-2-yloxy)-benzoic acid], M₈ [4, 6-Dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-ol], M₉ [6-Methoxy-pyrimidine-2, 4-diol], M₁₀ [2-Hydroxy-6-(pyrimidin-2-yloxy)-benzoic acid] and M₁₁ [2, 4, 6-Trimethoxy-pyrimidine]. The plausible Photodegradation pathways of bispyribac sodium in the present investigation were portrayed which proceeds via hydrolysis, hydrolytic cleavage, O-dealkylation, decarboxylation, dehydroxylation, O-alkylation and hydroxylation.     

不同载体对淀粉酶固定化的比较研究

采用海藻酸钠微胶囊法和壳聚糖交联法对淀粉酶进行固定化，比较两种淀粉酶固定化方法的优劣。结果表明，两种固定化酶的活力回收分别为33．2％、26．6％，比活力分别为27．1U／mg蛋白、24．2U／mg蛋白，最适pH分别为5．0、8．0。海藻酸钠微胶囊法热稳定性、pH稳定性、操作稳定性、贮存稳定性明显高于壳聚糖交联法，因此海藻酸钠微胶囊法较佳，具有一定应用价值。     

Acute and chronic toxicity of organophosphate monocrotophos to Daphnia magna

The acute and chronic toxicity of monocrotophos (MCP), the binary joint toxicity of MCP and bifenthrin (BF), and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) to Daphnia magna (D. magna) was evaluated. The 24 h-median effective concentration (24 h-EC₅₀) and 48 h-median lethal concentration (48 h-LC₅₀) of MCP towards D. magna were 161 and 388 μ g/L, respectively. In addition, the lowest-observed effective concentration (LOEC) and non-observed effective concentration (NOEC) of MCP to D. magna were 10 and 5 μ g/L, respectively. Furthermore, the chronic value (ChV) of MCP against D. magna was 7 μ g/L and the acute chronic ratio (ACR) was 55. The number of offspring per female and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) were identified as the parameters that were most sensitive to MCP. In addition, toxic unit (TU) analysis was employed to evaluate the joint toxicities. The calculated TU_mix values of binary equitoxic mixtures of MCP + BF and MCP + SDBS were 1.47 and 1.63, respectively, which suggests that both equitoxic mixtures exert a limited antagonistic effect. The results of this study revealed that the toxic threshold of MCP towards D. magna is higher than its reported highest residue (4 μ g/L) in the ordinary aquatic environment, and that concurrent exposure to BF or SDBS may exert a slight antagonistic effect.     

旋转填料床/柠檬酸盐法吸收-解吸SO2

提出采用旋转填料床结合柠檬酸盐法脱除烟气中SO2的方法,考察了旋转填料床转子转速、液气比、初始柠檬酸根浓度和初始pH值等因素对脱硫效率的影响。结果表明,采用超重力法超重机转子转速为1 000 r/min、液气比为7L/m3、初始柠檬酸根浓度为1.5 mol/L、吸收液的初始pH值为5.0,脱硫效率稳定在99%左右。研究了水蒸气汽提法解吸SO2时初始柠檬酸根浓度、初始pH值、SO2浓度、富液流量和水蒸气流量对解吸效率的影响,得出了影响SO2解吸率的基本规律,并进行了分析。通过实验证明该方法在技术上是可行的,具有良好的应用前景。     

Fenton 法降解抗生素磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠

应用Fenton高级氧化技术降解水溶液中抗生素磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠(SMMS),系统探讨了起始pH、CSMMS、CFe2+、CH2O2和温度等因素对SMMS降解效果的影响。结果表明:CSMMS=4.53 mg/L,pH=4.0,CH2O2=0.49 mmol/L,CFe2+=19.51μmol/L,T=25℃为最佳反应条件。在最佳条件下,87.4%的SMMS可以在120 min内降解。反应动力学研究表明Fenton氧化降解SMMS分为两个阶段,快速反应阶段和慢速反应阶段,并建立了两阶段动力学模型,模型拟合结果较好。研究结果为含有SMMS的污废水处理提供了基础数据和科学参考。     

NaCl和KCl对厌氧污泥抑制的动力学研究

在厌氧颗粒污泥和厌氧絮状污泥系统中,进行盐质量浓度(NaCl或KCl质量浓度,下同)对厌氧污泥抑制动力学的研究,得到不同拟合的COD降解动力学方程及参数.实验结果表明:当盐质量浓度为10～30 g/L时,KCl对厌氧污泥的COD比降解速率的抑制程度大于NaCl;当盐质量浓度由0 g/L增至10 g/L时,半速率常数逐渐增加;当盐质量浓度由10 g/L增至30 g/L时,半速率常数逐渐减小;在厌氧污泥系统中,NaCl抑制作用下的盐抑制常数高于KCl,且颗粒污泥的盐抑制常数高于絮状污泥.     

化学沉淀法强化常规工艺应急去除水中的镉

在常规工艺基础上,通过投加氢氧化钠,实验进行了应急去除重金属镉的研究。实验结果表明,该方法能有效去除饮用水水源的镉,效果稳定,可进行应急处理。对pH、镉初始浓度和混凝剂投加量3个影响因素的灰色关联分析表明,3个因素对镉去除效果影响的大小排序为:滤后水pH>混凝剂投加量>镉初始浓度。在水源镉突发污染时,在原有常规水处理工艺基础上,通过控制滤后水pH可实现对重金属镉的去除,pH的控制值与水源水质有关。