镧改性沸石对太湖底泥-水系统中磷的固定作用

考察了不同反应时间、pH值、硅酸根离子浓度、DO浓度、老化时间以及初始磷浓度等条件下一种新型底泥改良剂-镧改性沸石对太湖底泥-水系统中磷的固定作用.当水中磷浓度很低时,太湖底泥和镧改性沸石改良太湖底泥均释放出磷.镧改性沸石改良太湖底泥的释磷量少于太湖底泥.镧改性沸石改良太湖底泥中金属氧化物结合态磷(NaOH-P)和钙结合态磷(HCl-P)等较为稳定形态磷含量多于太湖底泥,而镧改性沸石改良太湖底泥中氧化还原敏感态磷(BD-P)这种不稳定形态磷含量少于太湖底泥.太湖底泥和镧改性沸石改良太湖底泥对水中较高浓度磷酸盐的吸附平衡数据均可以采用Langmuir等温吸附模型加以描述.镧改性沸石改良太湖底泥对水中磷酸盐的吸附能力明显高于太湖底泥,且吸附能力随老化时间的增加而降低.被镧改性沸石所吸附的磷酸盐主要以NaOH-P和HCl-P等较为稳定形态磷存在,不容易被重新释放出来.上述结果表明,采用镧改性沸石对太湖底泥进行原位改良可以增强太湖底泥对磷的固定能力,减少太湖底泥磷的释放.     

微生物群落驱动AM真菌、生物炭及联合改良沙化土壤作用潜力

沙化土壤作为土地荒漠化的重要过渡形式,实现其有效恢复对减缓土地荒漠化进程意义重大.本研究显示,丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM）真菌和生物炭已应用于沙化土壤改良过程,但二者联合对沙化土壤改良影响研究较少;此外,细菌和真菌群落在沙化土壤改良过程中的作用尚不清楚.采用温室盆栽试验的方法,分别设置对照处理（CK）、单独接种AM真菌处理（RI）、单独施加生物炭处理（BC）和二者联合改良处理（BC_RI）,研究不同改良方式对小果白刺（Nitrariasi birica Pall.）菌根侵染率、生物量、矿质营养元素（N、P、K、Ca和Mg）含量及土壤有机碳、营养元素（全N、全P和全K）、水稳性团聚体组成影响.采用高通量测序技术,考察细菌和真菌群落在沙化土壤改良过程中的作用,结合多元分析手段,探究不同改良方式改良作用机制,旨在为合理有效改良沙化土壤提供基础数据和理论依据.结果表明,接种处理（RI和BC_RI）小果白刺根系均观察到明显的菌根侵染现象,但RI和BC_RI处理间菌根侵染率无显著性差异.与CK相比,RI处理显著增加了小果白刺地上部生物量和地上部N、K、Ca和Mg含量,BC和BC_RI处理显著增加了小果白刺地上部、根部生物量及N、P、K、Ca和Mg含量;BC_RI处理与RI和BC相比,根部生物量及P、K、Ca和Mg含量显著增加.与CK相比,BC和BC_RI处理显著增加了土壤有机碳含量,RI处理使得土壤全N含量显著增加了152.54%,BC处理使得土壤全P和全K含量分别显著降低了12.5%和18.18%.各处理0.25~0.05 mm粒径土壤团聚体比例最高,BC_RI处理能够显著促进大粒径（>0.25 mm）土壤团聚体形成.与CK相比,RI和BC_RI处理显著降低细菌、真菌群落Sobs指数和Shannon指数;各处理细菌及真菌菌门组成及丰度存在显著差异性.RDA及网络分析结果显示,AM真菌、生物炭及二者联合改良方式对土壤基质环境及土壤微生物群落结构影响显著,不同改良方式下微生物分子生态网络关系发生显著变化,不同改良处理中核心物种组成具有差异性;BC和BC_RI较RI处理,网络连接密集程度更高且核心物种组成更丰富;生物炭与AM真菌联合,弱化了Rhizophagus intraradices的核心作用,并增强其他微生物（特别是细菌菌种）的核心地位.SEM结果显示,AM真菌和生物炭施用通过直接影响土壤细菌和真菌群落结构,进而实现对植物生长及土壤性质变化的影响,微生物群落结构差异（特别是微生物间的互作关系变化）是导致土壤改良效果差异的主要驱动力.综上所述,不同改良方式对沙化土壤改良效果影响具有差异性,微生物群落在土壤改良过程中具有关键影响作用,AM真菌和生物炭联合对加速沙化土壤生态恢复具有潜在优势和应用价值.     

土壤改良剂对沙生灌木生理生态因子的影响研究

为了探讨自制土壤改良剂施用于沙质土壤后对沙生灌木生理生态因子的影响效果,通过正交设计、盆栽试验比较了不同改良剂及不同施用量下3种沙生灌木杨柴(Hedysarum mongolicum Turez)、柠条(Caragana Korshinskii Kom.)和沙柳(Salixpsammophila)生理生态因子的变化特征,在分析改良剂作用机理基础上,筛选出适宜的改良剂及其使用量。研究结果表明,自制土壤改良剂能显著提高植株叶片光合速率、降低高温胁迫下的蒸腾速率,提高叶水势。通过方差分析,添加自制改良剂300 g(占土壤基质的质量分数为6%)对提高柠条的光合速率效果最佳;添加自制改良剂150 g(占土壤基质的质量分数3%)对降低沙柳的蒸腾速率效果最明显;添加自制改良剂300 g(占土壤基质的质量分数6%)对提高沙柳叶水势的效果最显著。另外,应用最小隶属度偏差法进行综合评价得出:添加自制改良剂300 g(占土壤基质的质量分数6%)在改良柠条植物生理特性方面的效果最佳。     

锆改性高岭土原位改良技术控制重污染河道底泥磷释放效果

采用锆对高岭土进行改性,通过批量吸附实验考察了锆改性高岭土对水中磷酸盐的吸附性能,并通过底泥培养实验考察了锆改性高岭土原位改良技术对底泥磷释放的控制效果.结果表明,锆改性高岭土对水中磷酸盐的吸附能力随改性所用锆投加量的增加而增加.在制备锆改性高岭土过程中,溶液沉淀p H值由8增加到10时,锆改性高岭土对水中磷酸盐的吸附能力增加;沉淀p H值由10增加到11时,锆改性高岭土对磷的吸附能力基本不变;沉淀p H值由11增加到12时,锆改性高岭土的吸磷能力则下降.沉淀p H值为10时制备得到的锆改性高岭土对水中磷酸盐的吸附平衡数据可以采用Langmuir模型加以描述.大部分被锆改性高岭土中锆所吸附的磷酸盐(84%左右)主要以Na OH提取态磷(Na OH-P)和残渣态磷(Res-P)形态存在,低溶解氧情况下不容易被重新释放出来,同时重污染河道底泥会释放出大量的溶解性磷酸盐进入上覆水体;向重污染河道底泥中添加锆改性高岭土可以极大地削减底泥中磷向上覆水体迁移的通量.采用锆改性高岭土对底泥进行改良不仅增强了底泥对水中磷的吸附能力,而且降低了底泥的磷吸附-解吸平衡浓度(EPC0).因此,应用锆改性高岭土作为底泥改良剂可以有效控制重污染河道底泥磷释放.     

Minimization of methabenzthiazuron residues in leaching water using amended soils and photocatalytic treatment with TiO2 and ZnO

In the present work, potential groundwater pollution by methabenzthiazuron （MTBU） and the effect of three different amendments （composted sheep manure, composted pine bark and spent coffee grounds） on its mobility were investigated under laboratory conditions. The efficiency of ZnO and TiO2 suspensions in the photocatalytic degradation of MTBU in leaching water was also investigated. The relative and cumulative breakthrough curves were obtained from disturbed soil columns. The presence and/or addition of organic matter drastically reduced the movement of the herbicide. On other hand, photocatalytic experiments showed that the addition of ZnO and TiO2 strongly enhances the degradation rate of this herbicide compared with the results of photolytic experiments under artificial light. ZnO appeared to be more effective in MTBU oxidation than TiO2. The results obtained point to the interest of using organic wastes and heterogeneous photocatalysis for reducing the pollution of groundwater by pesticide drainage.     

Influence of compost amendment rate and level of compaction on the hydraulic functioning of soils

There has been widespread interest in using compost to improve the hydrologic functions of degraded soils at construction sites for reducing runoff and increasing infiltration. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of compost amendment rate on saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s) and water retention in order to identify target compost rates for enhancing soil hydrologic functions. Samples were prepared with three soil textures (sandy loam, silt loam, and sandy clay loam), amended with compost at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. All soils were tested at a porosity of 0.5 m³/m³, and the sandy loam was further tested at high (0.55 m³/m³) and low (0.4 m³/m³) porosities. The K_s and water retention data were then used to model infiltration with HYDRUS-1D. With increasing compost amendment rate, K_s and water retention of the mixtures generally increased at the medium porosity level, with more compost needed in heavier soils. As porosity decreased in the sandy loam soil, the amount of compost needed to improve K_s rose from 20% to 50%. Water distribution in pore fractions (gravitational, plant-available, and unavailable water) depended on texture, with only the highest compost rates increasing plant-available water in one soil. Results suggest soil texture should be taken into consideration when choosing a compost rate in order to achieve soil improvement goals. Hydrologic benefits may be limited even at a high rate of compost amendment if soil is compacted.     

关于《水污染防治法》修订中加强经济政策手段的思考

"十二五"以来,我国对水污染防治运用经济政策手段进行了积极探索。党和国家出台的政策文件、新修订的《中华人民共和国环境保护法》以及《水污染防治行动计划》等都对水污染防治经济政策手段的制定和实施提出了新的要求。因此,亟需在未来《水污染防治法》的修订过程中加强对相关经济政策手段的规定,给予相关手段明确的法律地位,充分发挥经济政策在水污染防治中的重要作用。为此,本文建议着眼于"十三五"及未来更长一段时期水环境质量改善以及水污染防治形势和突出问题,以推动构建和实施系统、协调和高效的水污染防治经济政策体系为目标,结合党和国家相关文件、法律、行动计划的最新要求,借鉴国际上通过立法保障水污染防治经济政策手段制定和实施的经验,重点从投融资政策、税费和价格政策、排污交易政策等三个方面对现行《水污染防治法》进行修订、补充和完善。具体建议包括:一是完善关于财政投入和融资渠道的相关规定,要求加大水污染防治财政投入和补贴力度、鼓励水污染防治第三方治理方式和PPP模式以及建立流域上下游(跨界)生态补偿机制等;二是完善对于环境税(费)和其他价格机制的相关规定,增加关于环境保护税的说明等;三是增加逐步推行重点水污染物排污权交易的条款等。     

Response of antioxidant enzymes in Nicotiana tabacum clones during phytoextraction of heavy metals

Background, aim, and scope  Tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum, is a widely used model plant for growth on heavy-metal-contaminated sites. Its high biomass and deep rooting system make it interesting for phytoextraction. In the present study, we investigated the antioxidative activities and glutathione-dependent enzymes of different tobacco clones optimized for better Cd and Zn accumulation in order to characterize their performance in the field. Main features  The improved heavy metal resistance also makes the investigated tobacco clones interesting for understanding the plant defense enzyme system in general. Freshly harvested plant material (N. tabacum leaves) was used to investigate the antioxidative cascade in plants grown on heavy metal contaminated sites with and without amendments of different ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate fertilizers. Materials and methods  Plants were grown on heavily polluted soils in north-east Switzerland. Leaves were harvested at the field site and directly deep frozen in liquid N₂. Studies were concentrated on the antioxidative enzymes of the Halliwell–Asada cycle, and spectrophotometric measurements of catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), glutathione peroxidase (GPX, EC 1.11.1.9), glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2), glutathione S-transferase (GST, EC 2.5.1.18) were performed. Results and discussion  We tried to explain the relationship between fertilizer amendments and the activity of the enzymatic defense systems. When tobacco (N. tabacum) plants originating from different mutants were grown under field conditions with varying fertilizer application, the uptake of cadmium and zinc from soil increased with increasing biomass. Depending on Cd and Zn uptake, several antioxidant enzymes showed significantly different activities. Whereas SOD and CAT were usually elevated, several other enzymes, and isoforms of GST were strongly inhibited. Conclusions  Heavy metal uptake represents severe stress to plants, and specific antioxidative enzymes are induced at the cost of more general reactions of the Halliwell–Asada cycle. In well-supplied plants, the glutathione level remains more or less unchanged. The lack of certain glutathione S-transferases upon exposure to heavy metals might be problematic in cases when organic pollutants coincide with heavy metal pollution. When planning phytoremediation of sites, mixed pollution scenarios have to be foreseen and plants should be selected according to both, their stress resistance and hyperaccumulative capacity.     

粉煤灰与若干有机固体废弃物配施改良土壤的研究进展

鉴于废弃物堆积引起的环境恶化和水土流失、矿山开采等导致土地退化,利用废弃物改良土壤、修复生态环境的研究和技术推广便具有十分重要的意义。文章介绍了粉煤灰与若干有机固体废弃物的理化特性,分析了其单一施用改土的弊病,重点阐述了粉煤灰与有机固体废弃物配施对土壤理化生性质的影响。认为粉煤灰与若干有机固体废弃物配施具有良好的土壤改良效果,也是我国固体废弃物处置和利用的最佳途径之一。此外,分析了有关废弃物配施改土中有待进一步解决的问题,并提出了今后工作的若干建议。     

利用干法半干法烟气脱硫灰热分解钾长石的实验研究

探讨了目前干法半干法脱硫灰综合利用当中存在的诸多问题.提出了利用该类灰渣热分解钾长石矿,生产以钾、钙、硅和镁为主的土壤营养调节剂.并对最佳的物料配比、焙烧条件和助剂的种类及含量进行了实验研究,利用广州恒运集团公司产出的脱硫灰,在1 050℃下焙烧2 h,使烧成物在酸性条件下最大可溶K2O达6.49%、有效CaO达32.28%、SiO2达13.83%、MgO达1.68%.烧成物料的PH值为9.6,是一种安全、适用于偏酸性土壤使用的复合元素土壤营养调节剂.