等维灰数递补动态模型在生活垃圾产生量预测中的应用

本文探讨了等经今天为数递补GM（1,1） 模型在垃圾产生量长期预测中的具体应用,比较了该模型与普通二次拟合灰色要 预测精度及预测值的灰区间方面的判别,说明了等维灰数递补GM（1,1）模型在作长期预测时具有一定的优越性。     

不同堆制方法对牛粪和鸡粪发酵脱水的影响

以新鲜鸡、牛粪为材料 ,研究了不同堆制方法对粪便发酵温度与脱水率的影响。结果表明 :牛粪中添加 10 0g·kg-1的稻草在堆制开始 5d ,温度较高 ,但第 3 0天时脱水率反而低于添加 5 0g·kg-1稻草的处理 ;覆盖薄膜降低了粪便脱水速率 ;分批添加物料方法发酵 12d ,堆肥含水量由开始的 5 2 0g·kg-1下降到 5 0 3g·kg-1,而同期 1次添加物料方法发酵 ,堆肥水分含量为 5 5 4g·kg-1。     

土壤改良剂对沙生灌木生理生态因子的影响研究

为了探讨自制土壤改良剂施用于沙质土壤后对沙生灌木生理生态因子的影响效果,通过正交设计、盆栽试验比较了不同改良剂及不同施用量下3种沙生灌木杨柴(Hedysarum mongolicum Turez)、柠条(Caragana Korshinskii Kom.)和沙柳(Salixpsammophila)生理生态因子的变化特征,在分析改良剂作用机理基础上,筛选出适宜的改良剂及其使用量。研究结果表明,自制土壤改良剂能显著提高植株叶片光合速率、降低高温胁迫下的蒸腾速率,提高叶水势。通过方差分析,添加自制改良剂300 g(占土壤基质的质量分数为6%)对提高柠条的光合速率效果最佳;添加自制改良剂150 g(占土壤基质的质量分数3%)对降低沙柳的蒸腾速率效果最明显;添加自制改良剂300 g(占土壤基质的质量分数6%)对提高沙柳叶水势的效果最显著。另外,应用最小隶属度偏差法进行综合评价得出:添加自制改良剂300 g(占土壤基质的质量分数6%)在改良柠条植物生理特性方面的效果最佳。     

长期灌溉微咸水的土壤安全性

以天津市静海县朱家村的重壤质浅位厚层夹粘土壤为模拟试验用土,并施用沸石、磷石膏等不同的土壤改良剂,探讨了连续多年灌溉浅层地下微咸水(4.7g/L)对土壤物理性状、化学性状的影响,评估了长期灌溉微咸水的安全性及土壤改良剂对长期灌溉微咸水安全性的影响。     

堆肥调理剂研究进展

调理剂是堆肥过程中的重要辅料。通过添加调理剂，可以改善堆肥物料的理化条件，达到好氧微生物对生长环境的要求。文章综述了堆肥调理剂的分类，讨论了它在堆肥工程中的作用，并对研究方向进行了探讨。大量研究表明，调理剂在堆肥过程中起到调节物料w（C）／w（N）比、含水率、堆体自由空域、减少堆体臭气、改善堆肥养分和调控重金属等作用。目前，调理剂的研究重点在于其在堆肥过程的作用，而对复合型调理剂的开发、调理剂的作用机理及其在工程中的应用等问题关注较少。     

Influence of different nitrogen rich supplements during cultivation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pleurotus </Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">florida</Emphasis> on corn cob substrate

The cultivation of white rot edible fungus Pleurotus florida was performed in polybags. The corn cob was employed as basal substrate while eight different additives such as urea, ammonium sulphate, gram flour, soybean meal, ground nut cake and molasses were used with corn cob. Three different levels of variable combinations with corn cob were evaluated in response to different parameters of mushroom viz., mycelial growth, spawn running, primordial initiation, fruit body yield and its biological efficiency. Each additive at different combinations showed variable impact on the different stages of mushroom life cycle. The primordial initiation was observed for the first time during 20.2–35.1 days. The biological efficiencies in every supplemented set were increased over un-supplemented control set. Increasing the level of additives, the biological efficiency was negatively affected at higher levels. The cotton seed cake was found the best supplement producing 93.75% biological efficiency while soybean meal was the second best additive producing 93.00% yield. The highest growth rate, rapid mycelia run, early primordial initiation, highest yield and biological efficiency were recorded in the combination of corn cob and cotton seed cake at 2% (98 + 2) level.     

不同改良材料对紫色土吸附Cu2+的影响

为了探究不同改良材料添加对紫色土吸附Cu~(2+)的影响,将活性炭(C)、麦饭石(M)、硅藻土(D)、膨润土(B)和活性硅酸钙(S)5种改良材料分别以1%和2%(质量比)添加到紫色土(P)中,形成P-C_(1%)和P-C_(2%)(紫色土+1%和2%活性炭,下同)、P-M_(1%)和P-M_(2%)、P-D_(1%)和P-D_(2%)、P-B_(1%)和P-B_(2%)、P-S_(1%)和P-S_(2%)10种混合土样(P为对照)。批处理法研究不同混合土样对Cu~(2+)的等温吸附和热力学特征,并对比不同温度、pH和离子强度下的吸附差异。结果表明:(1)各供试混合土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,且最大吸附量q_m在65.02～131.34 mmol/kg之间。相同添加比例下,Cu~(2+)的吸附量均呈现出P-BP-DP-CP-SP-M的趋势,且2%添加时效果更佳。(2)温度从20℃增加至40℃时,除P-C以外,其余混合土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附量均随温度的升高而增加。热力学参数表明各混合土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附是一个自发、吸热和熵增的过程。(3)pH在3～5范围内,各供试混合土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附量均随pH的升高而增大(P-S除外)。随着离子强度的增加,各混合土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附量均表现出先增大后减少的趋势,以0.10 mol/L时最大。     

大田条件下施加组配改良剂对蔬菜吸收重金属的影响

通过向湘南某矿区周边重金属污染的农田施加不同添加量(0、2、4和8 g/kg)的组配改良剂HS(海泡石+石灰石),分析农田土壤理化性质变化和土壤重金属及其交换态含量的影响、空心菜和辣椒可食部位和根部位重金属含量的影响。结果表明,施用2~8 g/kg组配改良剂HS能使2种蔬菜土壤pH值和CEC含量显著增加,使交换态重金属含量大幅降低,且不同程度地降低了空心菜和辣椒可食部位及根部位的重金属含量。与对照相比,空心菜和辣椒可食部位重金属Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的降幅分别为:21.1%~47.5%、6.5%~31.0%、57.7%~80.0%、65.3%~92.0%和27.3%~74.5%、29.8%~62.0%、55.4%~76%、37.8%~77.1%;根部位的重金属含量也有明显降低。当添加量为8 g/kg时,2种蔬菜可食部位和根部位重金属含量降低幅度最大。由此可知,组配改良剂HS的施用对2种蔬菜吸收土壤重金属起到有效的抑制作用。     

Studies on materials containing polysaccharides as soil amendments 1: effects on animal waste water purification in a potting experiment

A potting experiment was carried out to determine the effects of soil amendments containing polysaccharides and earthworms on a land application system for the purification of animal waste water. The following soil amendments were used: purified Konjak powder (KP, powder containing glucomannan made from the root system of devil's tongue, Amorphophalus rivieri Dur.), crystallized cellulose (CC), and a mixture of the two (MX). These soil amendments were added to the pots, and then Chrysanthemum corondria were planted in the earthworm pots (A pots), the nonearthworm pots (B pots), and the control pots (C pots); the first two plots received primary-treated animal waste water, and the other one received tap water. The following items were then measured: pH, electrical conductivity, chemical oxygen demand (COD_Mn), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus, the volume of drained water from each pots, the height and dry matter weight of plants, and the water permeability into the soil. The MX-A pots, i.e., the pots containing both soil amendments and earthworms, gave good results, especially for water permeability, plant growth, the purification of COD_Mn, and TN. These results suggest that the presence of soil amendments and earthworms may enhance the improvement of water quality in land application systems using vegetation. Received: December 9, 1998 / Accepted: February 8, 2000