典型重金属污染农田能源植物示范种植研究

为探索安全经济利用重金属中度-重度污染农田的模式,在浙江某典型重金属复合污染农田开展了能源植物(甜高粱Sweet sorghum、甘蔗Saccharum sinensisRoxb.、香根草Vetiveria和盐肤木Rhus chinensis)种植示范研究.结果表明,经施加0.1%的石灰和0.2%的磷矿粉改良后,土壤p...     

不同改良剂对黔西北锌冶炼区农用地土壤重金属修复效果研究

为研究不同改良剂对土壤重金属（Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn）的修复效果,以黔西北锌冶炼区农用地土壤为研究对象,分别将不同比例（1%、2%、5%）的海泡石（H）、石灰（S）和蚯蚓粪（Q）施加于锌冶炼区重金属（Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn）复合污染农用地土壤,稳定陈化75 d后,分析土壤理化性质（pH、EC、含水率）、有机质、有效态养分（N、P、K）、重金属有效态含量变化特征。结果表明,与对照相比,除低添加量的海泡石处理（H1%）略微降低土壤pH外,海泡石和石灰处理均提高了土壤pH,而添加蚯蚓粪处理则降低土壤pH。除石灰处理分别降低土壤有机质和碱解氮含量外,海泡石和蚯蚓粪均可有效提高土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,其中蚯蚓粪和石灰处理分别对土壤碱解氮和有效磷的增加效果最为明显,分别增加了36.53%～72.34%和67.96%～144.01%。与对照相比,添加石灰明显降低了土壤中DTPA-Cd、DTPA-Pb和DTPA-Zn含量,分别降低了16.94%～29.87%、8.26%～20.46%、27.91%～51.02%。添加蚯蚓粪则总体上增加土壤中DTPA提取态重金属（Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn）含量,而海泡石添加可增加土壤中DTPA-Cd和DTPA-Cu含量,降低DTPA-Pb和DTPA-Zn含量。石灰和海泡石处理都不同程度降低土壤中TCLP提取态重金属（Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn）含量,然而,添加蚯蚓粪处理显著地增加TCLP提取态重金属（Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn）含量。综合分析表明,石灰对于复合污染土壤中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的固定效果最佳,其次为海泡石,而蚯蚓粪的添加对土壤重金属具有活化作用。     

改良剂连续施用对农田水稻Cd吸收的影响

通过连续2a田间试验,研究了在Cd重度污染土壤上施用有机肥、石灰、石灰与有机肥配施1a后,第2a连续施用和不再施用改良剂对稻田土壤有效态Cd含量和水稻Cd吸收的影响.结果表明,有机肥、石灰单施及石灰与有机肥配施均能显著提高稻田土壤pH值,降低土壤中有效态Cd含量和水稻各部位Cd含量,第1a有机肥、石灰、石灰与有机肥配施处理的糙米中Cd含量较对照分别显著降低35.9%、69.2%和65.4%.与对照相比,第2a连续施用有机肥、石灰及石灰与有机肥配施处理下,稻田土壤pH值分别显著升高0.27、0.57和1.05个单位,土壤有效态Cd分别显著降低26.6%、29.7%和59.4%;糙米中Cd含量较对照分别显著降低63.1%、79.5%和83.6%,其中,第2a连续石灰与有机肥配施处理下糙米中Cd含量为0.20mg/kg,达到《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》（GB2762-2017）中糙米限量值.第2a不再施用有机肥、石灰及石灰与有机肥配施处理的糙米中Cd含量较对照分别显著降低49.2%、69.7%和75.4%.双因素方差分析结果表明其值与连续施用改良剂的处理无显著性差异.上述结果表明,石灰与有机肥配施可有效降低污染稻田土壤中有效态Cd含量和水稻Cd含量,施加后一年内可不施或减少改良剂施用量.     

不同改良材料对紫色土吸附Cu2+的影响

为了探究不同改良材料添加对紫色土吸附Cu~(2+)的影响,将活性炭(C)、麦饭石(M)、硅藻土(D)、膨润土(B)和活性硅酸钙(S)5种改良材料分别以1%和2%(质量比)添加到紫色土(P)中,形成P-C_(1%)和P-C_(2%)(紫色土+1%和2%活性炭,下同)、P-M_(1%)和P-M_(2%)、P-D_(1%)和P-D_(2%)、P-B_(1%)和P-B_(2%)、P-S_(1%)和P-S_(2%)10种混合土样(P为对照)。批处理法研究不同混合土样对Cu~(2+)的等温吸附和热力学特征,并对比不同温度、pH和离子强度下的吸附差异。结果表明:(1)各供试混合土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,且最大吸附量q_m在65.02～131.34 mmol/kg之间。相同添加比例下,Cu~(2+)的吸附量均呈现出P-BP-DP-CP-SP-M的趋势,且2%添加时效果更佳。(2)温度从20℃增加至40℃时,除P-C以外,其余混合土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附量均随温度的升高而增加。热力学参数表明各混合土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附是一个自发、吸热和熵增的过程。(3)pH在3～5范围内,各供试混合土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附量均随pH的升高而增大(P-S除外)。随着离子强度的增加,各混合土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附量均表现出先增大后减少的趋势,以0.10 mol/L时最大。     

等维灰数递补动态模型在生活垃圾产生量预测中的应用

本文探讨了等经今天为数递补GM（1,1） 模型在垃圾产生量长期预测中的具体应用,比较了该模型与普通二次拟合灰色要 预测精度及预测值的灰区间方面的判别,说明了等维灰数递补GM（1,1）模型在作长期预测时具有一定的优越性。     

Dissipation of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim antibiotics from manure-amended soils

In this study, the dissipation of two antibiotics, sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TRM), in three soils under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions are evaluated. Under aerobic conditions, SMX dissipated rapidly through biodegradation but TRM was more persistent. Within the first 20 days in biologically active soils, >50% of the SMX was lost from the clay loam and loamy sand soils, and >80% loss was noted in the loam soil. Anaerobic dissipation of both compounds was more rapid than aerobic dissipation. The addition of manure to the soil only slightly increased the initial dissipation rate of the two compounds. Little effect was found on glucose mineralisation in soil following the addition of SMX and TRM, even as mixtures at high concentrations.     

Influence of different nitrogen rich supplements during cultivation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pleurotus </Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">florida</Emphasis> on corn cob substrate

The cultivation of white rot edible fungus Pleurotus florida was performed in polybags. The corn cob was employed as basal substrate while eight different additives such as urea, ammonium sulphate, gram flour, soybean meal, ground nut cake and molasses were used with corn cob. Three different levels of variable combinations with corn cob were evaluated in response to different parameters of mushroom viz., mycelial growth, spawn running, primordial initiation, fruit body yield and its biological efficiency. Each additive at different combinations showed variable impact on the different stages of mushroom life cycle. The primordial initiation was observed for the first time during 20.2–35.1 days. The biological efficiencies in every supplemented set were increased over un-supplemented control set. Increasing the level of additives, the biological efficiency was negatively affected at higher levels. The cotton seed cake was found the best supplement producing 93.75% biological efficiency while soybean meal was the second best additive producing 93.00% yield. The highest growth rate, rapid mycelia run, early primordial initiation, highest yield and biological efficiency were recorded in the combination of corn cob and cotton seed cake at 2% (98 + 2) level.     

组配改良剂对稻田土壤中镉铅形态及糙米中镉铅累积的影响

通过田间实验,研究了镉(Cd)和铅(Pb)复合污染稻田土壤中施加组配改良剂(LS,石灰石+海泡石)对黄华占和丰优9号2种水稻种植土壤中p H、Cd和Pb形态转化以及水稻糙米中Cd和Pb累积量的影响.结果表明,施加LS,通过提高2种水稻土壤的p H值,可以有效地改变土壤中Cd和Pb的存在形态,使土壤Cd和Pb由酸可提取态不同程度地转化为铁锰氧化态和有机结合态.LS施加量为2.0~8.0 g·kg-1时,使黄华占水稻土壤中Cd和Pb的酸可提取态含量分别降低19.6%~23.8%、7.7%~14.3%,丰优9号水稻土壤中Cd和Pb的酸可提取态含量分别降低7.6%~31.1%、11.7%~24.8%,且降低效果为CdPb.LS还能显著降低2种水稻糙米中Cd和Pb含量,LS施加量为2.0~8.0 g·kg-1时,黄华占和丰优9号2种水稻糙米中Cd含量分别降低了56.5%~67.2%、29.0%~38.7%,Pb含量分别降低了9.8%~34.2%、6.8%~45.4%,同种水稻Cd和Pb含量降低效果为CdPb.研究表明,土壤中Cd和Pb酸可提取态含量能很好地反映土壤中Cd和Pb的生物有效性和迁移性.     

Anaerobic biodegradation of PAHs in mangrove sediment with amendment of NaHCO3

Mangrove sediment is unique in chemical and biological properties. Many of them suffer polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH) contamination. However, the study on PAH biological remediation for mangrove sediment is deficient. Enriched PAH-degrading microbial consortium and electron acceptor amendment are considered as two effective measures. Compared to other electron acceptors, the study on CO2, which is used by methanogens, is still seldom. This study investigated the effect of Na HCO3 amendment on the anaerobic biodegradation of four mixed PAHs, namely fluorene(Fl), phenanthrene(Phe),fluoranthene(Flua) and pyrene(Pyr), with or without enriched PAH-degrading microbial consortium in mangrove sediment slurry. The trends of various parameters, including PAH concentrations, microbial population size, electron-transport system activities, electron acceptor and anaerobic gas production were monitored. The results revealed that the inoculation of enriched PAH-degrading consortium had a significant effect with half lives shortened by 7–13 days for 3-ring PAHs and 11–24 days for 4-ring PAHs. While Na HCO3 amendment did not have a significant effect on the biodegradation of PAHs and other parameters, except that CO2 gas in the headspace of experimental flasks was increased.One of the possible reasons is that mangrove sediment contains high concentrations of other electron acceptors which are easier to be utilized by anaerobic bacteria, the other one is that the anaerobes in mangrove sediment can produce enough CO2 gas even without adding Na HCO3.     

Use of Fe/Al drinking water treatment residuals as amendments for enhancing the retention capacity of glyphosate in agricultural soils

Fe/Al drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs), ubiquitous and non-hazardous by-products of drinking water purification, are cost-effective adsorbents for glyphosate. Given that repeated glyphosate applications could significantly decrease glyphosate retention by soils and that the adsorbed glyphosate is potentially mobile, high sorption capacity and stability of glyphosate in agricultural soils are needed to prevent pollution of water by glyphosate. Therefore, we investigated the feasibility of reusing Fe/Al WTR as a soil amendment to enhance the retention capacity of glyphosate in two agricultural soils. The results of batch experiments showed that the Fe/Al WTR amendment significantly enhanced the glyphosate sorption capacity of both soils (p < 0.001). Up to 30% of the previously adsorbed glyphosate desorbed from the non-amended soils, and the Fe/Al WTR amendment effectively decreased the proportion of glyphosate desorbed. Fractionation analyses further demonstrated that glyphosate adsorbed to non-amended soils was primarily retained in the readily labile fraction (NaHCO₃-glyphosate). The WTR amendment significantly increased the relative proportion of the moderately labile fraction (HCl-glyphosate) and concomitantly reduced that of the NaHCO₃-glyphosate, hence reducing the potential for the release of soil-adsorbed glyphosate into the aqueous phase. Furthermore, Fe/Al WTR amendment minimized the inhibitory effect of increasing solution pH on glyphosate sorption by soils and mitigated the effects of increasing solution ionic strength. The present results indicate that Fe/Al WTR is suitable for use as a soil amendment to prevent glyphosate pollution of aquatic ecosystems by enhancing the glyphosate retention capacity in soils.