非活体生物质对水中活性艳红X-3B的吸附研究

研究了4种非活体生物质(米酒糟、花生壳、柚子皮、稻草秸秆)对模拟废水中活性艳红X-3B的吸附条件及吸附机理。结果表明,活性艳红X-3B初始浓度为100 mg/L、pH为1.0~2.0、吸附剂浓度为10 mg/L时,4种吸附剂对活性艳红X-3B的吸附率可达到80%。吸附在60 min左右达平衡后最大吸附量的顺序为:米酒糟(58.8 mg/g)花生壳(28.0mg/g)柚子皮(23.6 mg/g)稻草秸秆(19.5 mg/g)。在达最大吸附率时,米酒糟的用量可减少一半、pH范围可宽为1.0~6.0,且吸附量是另三者的2倍以上。综合比较,米酒糟具有较强的吸附废水中活性艳红X-3B的能力,可作为废水中活性染料的吸附剂使用。而花生壳、柚子皮和稻草秸秆的吸附能力相对较弱,不是理想的吸附材料。数学模型模拟表明,米酒糟和柚子皮的吸附过程更符合Freundlich方程,而花生壳和稻草秸秆更符合Langmuir方程;动力学研究表明4种吸附剂的吸附拟合更符合拟二级动力学方程。     

A method for the determination of rhodamine b and brilliant sulfaflavine on cotton string collectors and in a spray tank solution mixture

Abstract

A fluorescent method for the determination of rhodamine B (RhB) and brilliant sulfaflavine (BSF) dual tracers on cotton string collectors and in spray tank solutions was developed for the evaluation of the effects of adjuvants on the atmospheric drift of agricultural sprays. Both tracers on collectors were extracted with deionized water simultaneously and measured directly with a Fluorescent Specrometer by switching the maximum excitation and emission wavelengths. The linear ranges of the RhB and BSF standard curves were 0–50 and 0–10 ppb respectively. Recoveries of tracers on cotton strings ranged from 92.9% ± 1.1% to 95.1% ± 1.0% for RhB and 91.9% ± 2.8% to 103% ± 0.6% for BSF when spiked levels ranged from 0.25 to 2.5 μg per collector. The detection limit of the instrument was approximately 0.1 ppb for both tracers. The detection limits of the analytical method were approximately 0.1 ppb for RhB and 0.3 ppb for BSF when the background levels of cotton strings were subtracted. The presence of one tracer in the solution did not significantly interfere with the detection of the other tracer in the same solution. The presence of adjuvants added to the spray tank solutions did not interfere with the detection of both tracers when the adjuvants were applied at the manufacturer's maximum recommendation rates.     

铁及铁铜氧化物对臭氧氧化酸性红B的催化效能

采用自蔓延溶胶凝胶法分别制备了铁氧化物和铁铜复合氧化物催化剂,以酸性红B为降解对象,对比了单独臭氧氧化、铁氧化物和铁铜复合氧化物催化臭氧氧化对酸性红B的降解效果,考察了磁力搅拌速度(500～1 640 r/min)、溶液pH(3～11)、臭氧投加速率(3.55～28.4 mg/min)对铁铜复合氧化物催化性能的影响。结果表明,与单独臭氧氧化比较,铁氧化物和铁铜复合氧化物均能加速酸性红B的降解,促进色度和COD的去除,结合催化剂的表征结果,推断催化剂表面羟基促进臭氧分解产生.OH是其氧化性能较好的主要原因,另外,催化剂的吸附能力对催化性能也有一定影响。随着磁力搅拌速度、溶液pH、臭氧投加速率的增大,铁铜复合氧化物催化臭氧氧化酸性红B的效果越好。     

Fe^0-厌氧微生物体系处理活性艳红X-3B的试验研究

采用间歇式摇床试验，研究了葡萄糖共基质条件下Fe^0-厌氧微生物体系中Fe^0投加量、pH值、染料初始浓度对活性艳红X-3B模拟废水脱色率的影响，比较了Fe^0-厌氧微生物、纯厌氧微生物及纯Fe^0 3种体系中废水的脱色效果。结果表明：Fe^0-厌氧微生物体系中初始浓度（50～500mg／L）对活性艳红X-3B的脱色率影响不大；而Fe^0投加量、pH值存在一个最佳范围；当Fe^0投加量为260mg／L，pH值为6．0，污泥浓度为0．35gVSS／L，停留时间约为30h时，体系中活性艳红X-3B的脱色率可达90％左右，比相同试验条件下纯Fe^0、纯厌氧微生物体系达到此脱色率所需时间分别缩短了约1／2、7／10。在Fe^0-厌氧微生物体系中，由紫外可见分光光度分析可推测活性艳红X-3B的脱色机理主要是其偶氮键发生断裂，生成苯胺和萘类物质，而且苯胺和萘类物质能得到进一步降解。     

Levels and risk assessment of chemical contaminants in byproducts for animal feed in Denmark

With aim to provide information on chemical contaminants in byproducts in animal feed, the data from an official control by the Danish Plant Directorate during 1998–2009, were reviewed and several samples of citrus pulp and dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) were additionally collected for analysis and risk assessment. The levels of contaminants in the samples from the official control were below maximum limits from EU regulations with only a few exceptions in the following groups; dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) in fish-containing byproducts and dioxins in vegetable and animal fat, hydrogen cyanide in linseed, and cadmium in sunflowers. The levels of pesticides and mycotoxins in the additionally collected samples were below maximum limits. Enniatin B (ENN B) was present in all DDGS samples. The hypothetical cases of carry-over of contamination from these byproducts were designed assuming total absorption and accumulation of the ingested contaminant in meat and milk and high exposure (a byproduct formed 15–20% of the feed ration depending on the species). The risk assessment was refined based on literature data on metabolism in relevant animal species. Risk assessment of contaminants in byproducts is generally based on a worst-case approach, as data on carry-over of a contaminant are sparse. This may lead to erroneous estimation of health hazards. The presence of ENN B in all samples of DDGS indicates that potential impact of this emerging mycotoxin on feed and food safety deserves attention. A challenge for the future is to fill up gaps in toxicological databases and improve models for carry-over of contaminants.     

TiO2/SiO2催化剂光催化降解罗丹明B的表观动力学

采用多孔硅胶为载体的TiO₂/SiO₂光催化剂,建立了三相内循环流化床光催化氧化体系,并以罗丹明B染料为典型污染物,研究其降解规律.通过对罗丹明B降解过程的表观动力学研究,发现在该体系中罗丹明B的降解并不符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood反应动力学模型.实验表明,其降解反应动力学符合双曲型模式,即降解率的倒数1/X和时间的倒数1/t成线性关系.反应速率常数与反应物初始浓度无关,与光源强度和相对体积能量吸收速率成正比.将不同实验条件下的罗丹明B的降解率实测值与模型计算值相比较,二者能很好吻合,平均相对偏差仅为3.25%.     

应用AERMOD计算卫生防护距离方法探讨

针对目前环评工作中计算确定工业企业卫生防护距离几种常见方法的不足和局限性,本文提出应用美国环保局推出的第二代法规模式AERMOD模型计算卫生防护距离的方法,并比较三种计算方法的优劣,提出确定工业企业卫生防护距离的最终可行方案。     

高炉煤气干法布袋除尘技术的应用

高炉煤气干法布袋除尘技术是钢铁行业重要的综合节能环保技术之一,以其煤气净化质量高、节水、节电、投资省、运行费用低、环境污染小等优点,优于传统的湿法洗涤除尘工艺,是国家大力推广的清洁生产技术。本文以承德钢厂1260米3高炉干法布袋除尘技术为例,介绍了该技术的工艺流程及主要参数,对设计过程中要注意的几个问题进行了分析论述,同时对该技术进一步的发展方向提出了见解,并建议国家相关部门应大力推广和使用这一技术,使其在节约能源和环境保护的建设中发挥更大作用。     

H2O2胁同三维电极法处理罗丹明B废水的研究

为了了解过氧化氢与三维电极的协同作用,以罗丹明B模拟废水进行了实验研究,探索了填料配比、外加电压、过氧化氢投加量、初始废水pH值、染料初始浓度等单因子对降解罗丹明B的影响,并通过正交试验研究各因素对该法处理罗丹明B模拟废水的效应.结果表明,过氧化氢与三维电极在处理罗丹明B模拟废水时具有明显的协同作用;外加电压=20v,...     

臭氧对枯草芽孢杆菌孢子的灭活研究

隐孢子虫灭活困难,给饮用水安全带来了挑战。实验以枯草芽孢杆菌孢子(ATCC6633)作为隐孢子虫的指示菌,研究了臭氧浓度、浊度、有机物、温度等因素对臭氧灭活枯草芽孢杆菌孢子的影响。研究表明,臭氧对枯草芽孢杆菌孢子的灭活与CT值相关,臭氧浓度对消毒效果影响较小;降低浊度、有机物含量,能提高臭氧对枯草芽孢杆菌孢子的灭活效率;温度降低,为保证一定的消毒效率,所需的CT值越大。研究结果为水厂合理控制运行参数提供了借鉴。