三峡工程三期蓄水初期长江口水域春季浮游动物群落特征及其与环境的关系

三峡工程于2010年10月26日达到三期正常蓄水位,为了研究三期蓄水后初期长江口的生态环境特征,于2011年4月对长江口水域24个站位进行了浮游动物的采集,分析了其种类、丰度、优势种及其与环境的关系.结果表明,调查海域共发现浮游动物97种(含20种浮游幼体),其中,桡足类33种,水母类13种,介形类5种,毛颚类5种,还有一些其它浮游种类.夜光虫和中华哲水蚤是该水域的绝对优势种.根据各站位浮游动物种类组成及其丰度,采用聚类分析法将该水域的浮游动物分为4组群落区域:外海高盐区、冲淡水和外海水混合区、长江口南支附近、长江口北支附近.物种丰度和多样性在空间分布上呈相反的趋势,在长江冲淡水和外海水的混合水域丰度最高,多样性指数最低.物种与环境的CCA(典范对应分析)显示,影响长江口春季浮游动物群落结构的主要环境因子为盐度、营养盐和水温.     

The role of spring and rain floods in the development of zooplankton in beaver ponds

The role of spring floods as a factor determining the seasonal succession of zooplankton in beaver ponds is demonstrated. The absence of spring floods has an adverse effect on the zooplankton communities of beaver ponds. The taxonomic and trophic organization of communities becomes similar to that in areas exposed to anthropogenic imact. The rain floods in summer and autumn can return the system to early stages of seasonal succession.     

RELATIONS BETWEEN COLOR AND SOME LIMNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FLORIDA LAKES1

Data obtained from a limnological survey of 165 Florida lakes were analyzed to determine regional differences in lake color (Pt-Co units) and relations between color and various physical, chemical, and biological parameters. Average color measurements for the different lakes ranged from 0 to 416 Pt-Co units with individual measurements being as high as 600 Pt-Co units. With the exception of extreme south Florida, lake color concentrations were found to increase from north to south and from inland highlands to lowlands. Central Florida had the greatest heterogeneity in lake color because of an extremely diverse geology and physiography. Color was inversely related to Secchi disc transparency and positively related to total iron concentrations. Color was not strongly related to pH, total alkalinity, nutrients, chlorophyll a, and many other limnological parameters. Although lakes having color concentrations greater than 20 Pt-Co units can often be visually identified as colored lakes, the limnological processes in these are not necessarily different from those of lakes having clear water.     

Assessing Potential for Recovery of Biotic Richness and Indicator Species due to Changes in Acidic Deposition and Lake ph in Five Areas of Southeastern Canada

Biological damage to sensitive aquatic ecosystems is among the most recognisable, deleterious effects of acidic deposition. We compiled a large spatial database of over 2000 waterbodies across southeastern Canada from various federal, provincial and academic sources. Data for zooplankton, fish, macroinvertebrate (benthos) and loon species richness and occurrence were used to construct statistical models for lakes with varying pH, dissolved organic carbon content and lake size. pH changes, as described and predicted using the Integrated Assessment Model (Lam et al., 1998; Jeffries et al., 2000), were based on the range of emission reductions set forth in the Canada/US Air Quality Agreement (AQA). The scenarios tested include 1983, 1990, 1994 and 2010 sulphate deposition levels. Biotic models were developed for five regions in southeastern Canada (Algoma, Muskoka, and Sudbury, Ontario, southcentral Québec, and Kejimkujik, Nova Scotia) using regression tree, multiple linear regression and logistic regression analyses to make predictions about recovery after emission reductions. The analyses produced different indicator species in different regions, although some species showed consistent trends across regions. Generally, the greatest predicted recovery occurred during the final phase of emission reductions between 1994 and 2010 across all taxonomic groups and regions. The Ontario regions, on average, were predicted to recover to a greater extent than either southcentral Québec or the Kejimkujik area of Nova Scotia. Our results reconfirm that pH 5.5–6.0 is an important threshold below which damage to aquatic biota will remain a major local and regional environmental problem. This damage to biodiversity across trophic levels will persist well into the future if no further reductions in sulphate deposition are implemented.     

黄河三角洲附近海域浮游动物多样性研究

以文献资料和定性调查相结合的方法，综合分析了黄河三角洲附近海域浮游动物物种多样性；以定量调查结果，探讨了浮游动物多样度以及与均度、单纯度之间的关系。结果表明： 该海域浮游动物物种占中国海的５－７ ％ ，占渤海的５１－７％ ；浮游动物多样度在０－１０ ～２－２８ 之间，均度在０－０２～０－９７ 之间，单纯度在０－１４ ～０－９９ 之间；多样度与均度呈显著的正相关，与单纯度呈显著的负相关。     

EFFECTS OF PRO-NOXFISH® ON THE BENTHOS AND ZOOPLANKTON OF BUG LAKE,FOREST COUNTY,WISCONSIN1

ABSTRACT: A concentration of 2.5 mg/1 Pro-Noxfish® (0.063 mg/1 rotenone and 0.063 mg/1 sulfoxide) was applied to Bug Lake, Wisconsin, on November 17, 1975. There was an immediate toxicity to zooplankton and Chironomus. All taxa of benthic organisms and zooplankton that were present before toxicant application survived the treatment except for Pleuroxus denticulatus which was collected in only one sample before treatment. Comparable densities of benthic and zooplankton taxa were found on individual sampling dates before and after treatment; however, mean densities of trichopterans and dipterans were lower after treatment. The high variance in the samples along with the change in fish population after treatment are believed responsible for this indicated change in benthos density rather than the effects of the rotenone.     

Radioecological Studies on the Plankton of the Cooling Water Reservoir of the Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Plant

In the zone of heated water discharge and at the control site of the Beloyarsk Reservoir, the phytoplankton was characterized by dominance of blue-green, green, and pyrrophyte algae, and the zooplankton, by the prevalence of crustaceans over rotifers. The study sites differed in the species and quantitative composition of the dominant complex, but the total abundance and biomass of the phytoplankton in the heated zone and the control site did not differ significantly. In Teplyi Bay, the zooplankton was inhibited, which was manifested in the decrease of its abundance and biomass by four and seven times, respectively, in comparison with the control. Radionuclide concentrations in the plankton of the cooling reservoir in the period between 1986 and 1988 were determined. It was found that radionuclide concentration in the plankton is higher in the zone of heated water discharge than beyond it.     

太湖微囊藻毒素年变化及其与浮游生物的关系

应用酶联免疫吸附法,对太湖 6 个样点进行了为期 1 年的微囊藻毒素(MC)的监测,探讨了微囊藻毒素随时间变化的趋势及其与浮游生物的关系.结果表明,微囊藻毒素在湖体中的全年变化趋势和藻类生长繁殖的全年变化趋势有共同之处,均表现为夏、秋季高.但微囊藻毒素含量的峰值比藻类生物量的峰值略有滞后,并且在夏、秋季藻毒素含量总体水平较高的时期内,有明显的起伏;微囊藻毒素含量与蓝藻生物量呈高度相关,如果该样点藻类优势种为蓝藻,则微囊藻毒素含量与藻类总生物量亦相关;和浮游植物存在捕食关系的浮游动物(轮虫和原生动物)与藻毒素含量也存在相关性.     

淀山湖浮游动物群落时空分布特征及其与环境因子的关系

淀山湖是上海市最大的淡水湖泊,属亚热带浅水湖泊.于2017年对该湖的浮游动物和水质参数进行逐月调查,并结合浮游植物群落数据,采用多元回归树模型(multivariate regression trees,MRT)和主坐标分析(principal coordinates analysis,PCo A)等方法研究了该湖浮游动物群落结构时空分布特征及其与环境因子的关系.结果表明,淀山湖浮游动物群落结构季节差异显著(P 0. 05),但仅在春、夏季节存在空间差异(P 0. 05),其他季节空间差异不显著(P 0. 05).水温、叶绿素a、氨氮以及蓝藻丰度是引起淀山湖浮游动物群落时空变化的关键性因子. MRT分析表明,当水温13. 07℃时,表现为冬季群落特征,当水温在13. 07～19. 57℃之间时,表现为春季群落特征;当水温≥19. 57℃时,叶绿素a浓度≥9. 03μg·L-1,则为夏季群落特征,而当叶绿素a浓度9. 03μg·L-1时,则表现为秋季群落特征.聚类分析将淀山湖浮游动物群落分成3个空间区域;春季时,当氨氮浓度1. 11 mg·L-1时,上游进水区(区域Ⅱ)浮游动物群落与其他两个区域有显著差异(P 0. 05);而夏季当蓝藻生物量≥2. 58 mg·L-1时,区域Ⅰ的浮游动物群落与其他两个区域有显著的空间差异(P 0. 05).     

海南南渡江下游二维水动力及水生态数值模拟

为了模拟河流水生态系统演变,探讨热带河流浮游植物和浮游动物生物量在流量影响下的沿程变化规律,在求解河流二维浅水方程的基础上,考虑浮游动物、浮游植物、悬浮碎屑、无机氮、无机磷等输运和演变子模型以及各子模型间的耦合作用机制,构建水生态动力数学模型,并将该模型应用于我国热带河流—海南南渡江下游龙塘坝至入海口段（长约28 km）.数学模型采用ADI-QUICK格式差分方法对水动力学方程和对流扩散方程进行离散求解,进而驱动各类生物变量输运和演化.通过对河流水面线高程、营养盐含量、浮游生物生物量模拟值与实测值加以对比进行验证.实证结果表明,在生态参数合理率定前提下,忽略河流流量的时间变化,采用丰水期、平水期和枯水期工况下的代表流量加以概化,数值模拟仍能获得局部河段浮游生物生物量模拟值与实测值整体相符合的结果.浮游植物和浮游动物生物量均沿水流方向逐渐降低,但随流量的增大整体上呈降低趋势,丰水期上游浮游生物生物量为下游的1.6倍,枯水期达到9.3倍.受海水入侵、沿程污染排放等因素的影响,枯水期浮游生物生物量模拟值与实测值的偏差远大于丰水期.枯水期河道浮游植物和浮游动物生物量模拟值的最大值分别为77.71和38.56 mmol/m3（均以C计）,约为丰水期的3.8倍,说明枯水期水质富营养化风险远高于丰水期.