Statistical evaluation of the attainment of interim cleanup standards at hazardous waste sites

Cleanup standards at hazardous waste sites include (i) numeric standards (often risk-based), (ii) background standards in which the remediated site is compared with data from a supposedly clean region, and (iii) interim standards in which the remediated site is compared with preremediation data from the same site. The latter are especially appropriate for verifying progress when an innovative, but unproven, technology is used for remediation. Standards of type (i) require one-sample statistical tests, while those of type (ii) and type (iii) call for two-sample tests. This paper considers two-sample tests with an emphasis upon the type (iii) scenario. Both parametric (likelihood ratio) and nonparametric (linear rank) protocols are examined. The methods are illustrated with preremediation data from a site on the National Priorities List. The results indicate that nonparametric procedures can be quite competitive (in terms of power) with distributional modelling provided a near optimal rank test is selected. Suggestions are given for identifying such rank tests. The results also confirm the importance of sound baseline sampling; no amount of post-remediation sampling can overcome baseline deficiencies.This paper has been prepared with partial support from the United States Environmental Protection Agency under a Cooperative Agreement Number CR-815273. The contents have not been subject to Agency review and therefore do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Agency and no official endorsement should be inferred.     

探讨我国火电厂二氧化硫排放问题

本文简要陈述了我国二氧化硫排放的污染现状、国家减排二氧化硫的政策，阐述了我国火电厂烟气脱硫存在的问题，提出了解决问题的对策。     

全区密封放射源管理中存在的问题及对策和建议

本文概括介绍了我区密封放射源现状，指出了我区密封放射源安全管理中存在的问题，分析了问题产生的主要原因，阐述了尽快解决问题的紧迫性，并提出了解决的对策和建议。     

探索高等职业院校管理上的新途径

根据高职院校和普通高等院校之间存在着很多差异,指出管理者应认真分析高职院校的特点,有针对地进行管理。目前高职院校在行政与教学管理方面还存在着一些问题。只有解决了这些问题,高职院校才能真正发挥其培养实用型人才的作用。     

从山东环保工作的发展进程看落实科学发展观的历史必然性

从山东经济发展的不同历史阶段,阐述了不同阶段下产生的环境问题以及污染治理思路的演变,提出了落实科学发展观的历史必然.     

活性污泥法在实际应用中易出现的问题及对策

本文按工艺流程 ,对活性污泥法处理废水的影响因素、工艺参数及实际应用中存在的问题进行了论述并提出了解决对策     

环境政策边缘化现实与改革方向辨析

本文认为由于中国现行环境政策的设计、执行和实施不能有效纳入到社会经济发展和决策过程的主流。不能从根源上解决环境与发展的矛盾．因而呈规出边缘化特征，表现在环境政策的末端管理特征、尚未建立一体化的政策体系、公平与效率准则未纳入政策设计过程、缺乏综合绩效评估、环境投资总量不足与低效率等。从政策的设计、作用环境、作用对象、作用范围的变化分析了边缘化的产生原因以及所导致的中国环境保护的误区和问题．包括技术、经济．生态、社会效率的分离．环境资源的区域配置低效率、近动式管理以及政策实施效果与政策目标的偏离等。本文提出改变现存问题的突破点在于构建基于环境权益以及全成本的政策体系和管理制度，并分析了需要解决和突破的关键性理论和实践问题。     

废水处理设施竣工验收监测需注意的几个问题

就废水处理设施竣工验收监测中存在的问题,提出几点看法和建议,这将有助于设计单位的设计,企业的运行管理和环保部门的监测.     

First Step for an Ecological Risk Assessment to Evaluate the Impact of Diffuse Pollution in Lake Vela (Portugal)

Lake Vela, located in the Portuguese littoral-centre, is a temperate shallow lake exhibiting a high trophic status. This aquatic ecosystem has been potentially exposed to contamination generated by agricultural and livestock activities held in their drainage basin, which seriously compromise their health. This work summarizes some background information and presents the problem formulation step of the ERA. Therefore, it evaluates the characteristics of the stressor(s), describes the ecological system and receptors and suggests a conceptual model, which predicts the potential exposure pathways, relating suspected sources to the defined endpoints. This introductory step also described an analysis plan on the entire study, which includes a delineation of the assessment design, data needs, measures, and methods for conducting the analysis phase of the risk assessment process.     

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) as collaborative learning process

A collaborative problem-solving approach was applied to environmental impact assessment of regional waste management strategy in Pirkanmaa, Finland. Various actors—interest groups, authorities, and experts—were invited to engage in joint fact finding and to exchange their views on the goals of alternative waste management strategies. The experiences of these encounters suggest that collaborative EIA can serve as a learning and civic discovery process where people can act together and find new solutions. During the process, the participants were able to reflect on their preferences and factual beliefs and to create a previously unconsidered waste management strategy that most parties found acceptable. The potential for learning and finding mutually acceptable solutions depended, however, on the legitimacy and institutional settings of the process: to what extent different perspectives were considered in the process, not only included, and how EIA was connected to a political decision-making process.