The rise of glyphosate and new opportunities for biosentinel early‐warning studies

Glyphosate has become the most commonly used herbicide worldwide and is reputedly environmentally benign, nontoxic, and safe for use near wildlife and humans. However, studies indicate its toxicity is underestimated and its persistence in the environment is greater than once thought. Its actions as a neurotoxin and endocrine disruptor indicate its potential to act in similar ways to persistent organic pollutants such as the organochlorines dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dioxin. Exposure to glyphosate and glyphosate‐based herbicides for both wildlife and people is likely to be chronic and at sublethal levels, with multiple and ongoing exposure events occurring in urban and agricultural landscapes. Despite this, there has been little research on the impact of glyphosate on wildlife populations, and existing studies appear in the agricultural, toxicology, and water‐chemistry literature that may have limited visibility among wildlife biologists. These studies clearly demonstrate a link between chronic exposure and neurotoxicity, endocrine disruption, cell damage, and immune suppression. There is a strong case for the recognition of glyphosate as an emerging organic contaminant and substantial potential exists for collaborative research among ecologists, toxicologists, and chemists to quantify the impact of glyphosate on wildlife and to evaluate the role of biosentinel species in a preemptive move to mitigate downstream impacts on people. There is scope to develop a decision framework to aid the choice of species to biomonitor and analysis methods based on the target contaminant, spatial and temporal extent of contamination, and perceived risk. Birds in particular offer considerable potential in this role because they span agricultural and urban environments, coastal, inland, and wetland ecosystems where glyphosate residues are known to be present.     

浅谈我国推行排污许可制度难点及对策

我国排污许可制度推行已有二十余年,但由于在政策设计层面、技术支撑层面及配套保障层面尚有不足之处,排污许可制度在推行过程中遇到很多阻碍,排污许可制度的应用范围、实施效果和改革举措实际落地都还不尽如人意,依然处于难以推广的境地。本文基于对以上各层面存在问题的深入分析,进而指出目前阻碍排污许可制度推行的难点问题及具体成因,其中难点问题主要包括专项法律法规缺失、管理要求落地难、各方权责落实难、多套数据并行、排放标准滞后、部分行业标准缺失、与环境目标未建立响应关系、管理方式落后、数据支撑和人员配备不足等方面。根据前述问题的论证,本文相应提出了推进排污许可制度改革的各项对策措施,并建议排污许可制度应形成上下联动的工作格局,进一步夯实技术支撑基础和完善配套保障措施,以期助力排污许可制度各项改革举措的实际落地,更好地推进排污许可制度的有效实施,建立系统完整、权责清晰、监管有效的管理格局,最终实现排污许可"一证式"管理模式。     

基于排污许可的环境标准制度改革完善研究

排污许可制度是固定点源环境管理的基础核心制度,政府以排污许可证为载体,对固定污染源的污染物排放限值、排污行为等进行许可,以排放标准的要求作为基本依据,并以环境质量标准为依据,对非达标区实施更为严格的排污许可限制。然而,现有的部分行业排放标准由于制定时间较早、科学技术支撑方法不足、与环境质量改善难以挂钩等问题,难以满足新排污许可证制度改革要求。本文在研究现行环境标准体系对排污许可制度的支撑作用与相互关系的基础上,研究了基于排污许可制的排放标准存在的主要问题,并以健全排污许可制度的环境标准支撑为目的,提出了现行环境标准体系的完善和修订建议。     

温室气体和空气污染物协同治理研究展望

温室气体和空气污染物的协同治理是一种双赢的策略。自协同效应的概念提出以来,大量研究对温室气体和大气污染之间的协同减排技术、措施、潜力等方面进行了评估。本研究回顾了协同治理理论的发展历程、典型案例以及重要的政策实践,在此基础上讨论了当前研究与实践的特点,并对未来研究提出了建议。典型案例涉及能源、交通、工业和居民部门,政策实践讨论了温室气体和空气污染协同治理政策的主要类型及其实施情况。从损失评估、协同机理、高精度排放清单及模拟等角度对未来促进协同治理的研究提出了方向建议。     

基于博弈论的非点源污染控制模型探讨

随着对工业和城市生活污水等点源污染治理能力的不断增强,农业非点源污染对水质环境的影响日益凸现.相对于点源污染,非点源污染发生的不确定时间、不确定途径、不确定量等特点给治理政策的制定带来很大难度.本文从著名的公地悲剧现象出发,着力从市场博弈及政府监督博弈两个模型分析非点源污染制造者之间的博弈格局,并提出以“集体表现”的形式对非点源污染进行管理和控制.市场博弈模型中以一定的排污削减目标为前提,确定以成本最优的原则进行点源-非点源排污权交易是可行且有效率的；而政府监督博弈模型的结果显示:合理的环境补贴和惩罚机制、政府对自身声誉及公众形象的重视及维护对非点源污染治理起正向促进作用.     

不同絮凝剂对活性污泥特性及除污效能的影响研究

为了研究絮凝剂对污泥特性及除污效能的作用结果,考察了SBR反应器中投加聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚合硫酸铁(PFS)和阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)对污泥特性及COD、NH_4~+-N和TP去除效果的影响。结果表明:投加10 mg/L PAC会导致活性污泥沉降性能变差,降低了微生物对污染物质的分解能力;投加0.1 mg/L CPAM和10 mg/L PFS能够改善活性污泥菌胶团和絮体结构,使得活性污泥的吸附效能和沉降性增强。     

三峡前置库汉丰湖试运行年水体水质现状及控制效果评估

三峡汉丰湖是世界范围较罕见的专为减弱消落带影响而修建的前置库,也是中国最大城市人工湖体,自汉丰湖试运行后,山水林田湖生态效益及建设宜居城市的社会效益显著.本文以三峡汉丰湖为研究对象,对汉丰湖试运行年支流来水及湖体断面进行水文、水质分层监测,包括水文参数(v、H等)、物理参数(T、pH、SD、DO、TSS等)、化学参数(高锰酸盐指数、Chl-a、TN、DN、NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N、TP、DP、SRP等)共17个指标.监测结果表明:1 2月、10月等开始泄水蓄水时期水质较差,南河支流来水断面水质最差,调节坝出水断面最好;2汉丰湖水体总体呈轻度富营养化,主要污染指标为DN、TN、NO_3~--N、TP;3汉丰湖在试运行年对水体富营养化控制效果显著,Chl-a年平均消减率57.73%,高锰酸盐指数年平均消减率28.12%,SRP、TP、TN、TSS、NO_2~--N、DN、DP等年平均消减率20.15%~22.81%,NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N等年平均消减率16.92%~18.74%,水体年平均富营养化指数降低15.74%.研究表明,1~3月、10~12月高水位湖泊形态试运行期间对各水质指标消减率高于5~8月河流形态时期,汉丰湖试运行良好,对水体富营养化控制效果显著,可消减三峡入库水体污染物浓度.     

Pollutant emission characteristics of rice husk combustion in a vortexing fluidized bed incinerator

Rice husk with high volatile content was burned in a pilot scale vortexing fluidized bed incinerator. The fluidized bed incinerator was constructed of 6 mm stainless steel with 0.45 m in diameter and 5 m in height. The emission characteristics of CO, NO, and SO2 were studied. The effects of operating parameters, such as primary air flow rate, secondary air flow rate, and excess air ratio on the pollutant emissions were also investigated. The results show that a large proportion of combustion occurs at the bed surface and the freeboard zone. The SO2 concentration in the flue gas decreases with increasing excess air ratio, while the NOx concentration shows reverse trend. The flow rate of secondary air has a significant impact on the CO emission. For a fixed primary air flowrate, CO emission decreases with the secondary air flowrate. For a fixed excess air ratio, CO emission decreases with the ratio of secondary to primary air flow. The minimum CO emission of 72 ppm is attained at the operating condition of 40% excess air ratio and 0.6 partition air ratio. The NOx and SO2 concentrations in the flue gas at this condition are 159 and 36 ppm, which conform to the EPA regulation of Taiwan.     

SEA中非突发性大气环境健康风险分析

建立了一种基于指示性污染物的非突发性环境健康风险评价模式。根据研究区域的能源类型及气候条件选择对该区域人群健康产生明显影响的指示性污染物,并根据多个城市及地区的历史数据确定指示性污染物与常住人口死亡率之间的定量对应关系,将大气预测模型和GIS系统进行集成开发,再将指示性污染物浓度与区域常住人口死亡率之间的定量对应关系嵌入与GIS集成后的大气预测模型中．．通过将区域气象数据及规划中关于指示性污染物连续排放的源强数据输入上述模型进行模拟预测,得出区域不同级别大气环境健康风险范围分布。     

辽河流域水环境压力及污染治理模式研究

系统分析了辽河流域近十年社会经济和水污染物排放之间的关系,基于污染物排放强度和人均GDP指标,建立辽河流域COD和氨氮环境学习曲线;结合情景分析法预测在现有治污水平下,辽河流域未来水污染物排放趋势及水环境压力。结果表明,辽河流域水环境压力巨大。根据辽河流域污染治理中存在的实际问题,提出新时期的污染治理模式。